{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:33:29Z","timestamp":1787160809225,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social media provides women with varying platforms to express themselves, show their talents, communicate and expand their social relationships, and break the shackles imposed by their societies. Theoretically, social media can play a significant role in developing women\u2019s freedom and decreasing social pressures; nonetheless, women continue to face violence during the social media era mainly in the form of psychological violence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to conduct an empirical in-depth analysis of how the digital space, particularly social media, provides men with new opportunities to surveil, restrict, harass, and intimidate feminists in Arab countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study includes an empirical survey to investigate what Arab women think are the causes and types of violence wielded against them and their perspectives on the impact of that violence. This study used a web-based questionnaire administered through Google Forms (n=1312) with responses from Arab women aged 15 years and above from all Arab countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that most Arab women feared posting an actual photograph of themselves on their social media accounts and only approximately one-third (490\/1312, 37.3%) did so. Most women indicated that they encountered sexual harassment regardless of their age. Furthermore, most women were not aware of the legal aspects of this crime and even those who were aware indicated that they would not press charges for several reasons, including bringing dishonor upon their families, the time-consuming nature of litigation, and fear of revenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows that young and less educated women are more vulnerable to abuse from either social media users or being condemned by their families. This has several effects, including lower self-esteem and hesitancy in seeking a job, feelings of mistrust and fear, cynicism, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. These issues hold women back from using social media in positive ways and some consider leaving social media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/27944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:01:28Z","timestamp":1629363688000},"page":"e27944","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Psychological Violence Against Arab Women in the Context of Social Media: Web-Based Questionnaire Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Omar Bali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1220-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawa","family":"Abdulridha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4350-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araz Ramazan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"Alsudairy, HT","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Role of the Social Media in Empowering Saudi Women\u2019s Expression"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.006"},{"key":"ref3","author":"Howley, K","year":"2009","journal-title":"Understanding Community Media"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"HagertyTHillTFinding Peace in Iraq Joint Field Research on New Approaches to Peacebuilding in the Kurdistan RegionCenter for Global Affairs20132021-07-29https:\/\/www.sps.nyu.edu\/content\/dam\/sps\/academics\/departments\/center-for-global-affairs\/initiatives\/pdf-files\/CGA-IPE-Finding-Peace-in-Iraq-Vol-1.pdf"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dau046"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123266.3123282"},{"key":"ref7","author":"Chang, E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys' Club of Silicon Valley"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Wiener, A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Uncanny Valley: A Memoir"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60629-9","author":"Megarry, J","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Limitations of Social Media Feminism"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Amnesty International Report 2017\/18. 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