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The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of citation data collected from GS and provide a comprehensive description of the errors and miscounts identified. For this purpose, 281 documents that cited 2 specific works were retrieved via Publish or Perish software (PoP) and were examined. This work studied the false-positive issue inherent in the analysis of neuroimaging data. The results revealed an unprecedented error rate, with 279 of 281 (99.3%) examined references containing at least one error. Nonacademic documents tended to contain more errors than academic publications (U=5117.0; P&lt;.001). This viewpoint article, based on a case study examining GS data accuracy, shows that GS data not only fail to be accurate but also potentially expose researchers, who would use these data without verification, to substantial biases in their analyses and results. Further work must be conducted to assess the consequences of using GS data extracted by PoP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2196\/28354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T12:30:59Z","timestamp":1647347459000},"page":"e28354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Types of Errors Hiding in Google Scholar Data"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0806-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romy","family":"Sauvayre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3989\/redc.2017.4.1500"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2016.11.008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9492LSF"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138237"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2008.11.001"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23975"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1614-6"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-010-0270-0"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1798-9"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2016.04.017"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-13-7"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0777-7"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2009.12.008"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0021-2"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-0975-y"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reseval\/rvv049"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21608"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1089-2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1608-4"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2016.07.003"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20677"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2010.06.005"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2532-6"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2587-4"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3989\/redc.2016.4.1405"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/LHT-05-2014-0039"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1642-2"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2012.08.002"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2012.04.007"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPDMWVGKW9N1CU"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1307"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21372"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-008-0216-y"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2015.05.002"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.08.022"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28961"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28859"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(89)90078-9"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"SauvayreRDe la diffusion scientifique aux normes de scientificit\u00e9 (\"The scientific dissemination of scientific norms\")Habilitation \u00e0 diriger des recherches (\"Accreditation to Supervise Research (HDR) dissertation\")2020122022-05-10Paris, FranceSorbonne Universityhttp:\/\/romy.sauvayre.online.fr\/Resume_20_HDR.en.php"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/520429a"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BennettCMBairdAAMillerMBWolfordGLNeural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in the post-mortem Atlantic Salmon: An argument for multiple comparisons correction200915th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain MappingJune 18-23, 2009San Francisco, CA","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)71202-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Bennett, CM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Serendipitous and Unexpected Results"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Inclusion Guidelines for WebmastersGoogle Scholar2018-01-10https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/intl\/en\/scholar\/inclusion.html#content"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"HarzingAWAccuracy: PoP vs GS for journalsHarzing.com. 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