{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:33:49Z","timestamp":1792611229524,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hispanic\/Latino sexual and gender minorities (SGM) are the fastest growing ethnic group of SGM in the United States. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Hispanics\/Latinos. SGM inequities in CVD risk have been identified as early as young adulthood, and minority stress has been identified as a potential mediator. Yet, the small number of ethnic or racial minority participants in SGM studies have precluded the examination of the intersections of sexual orientation, gender identity, and race and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Minority stress models conceptualize relationships between stressors in minority groups and health outcomes. In this study, we will (1) examine the influence of sexual orientation and gender identity on CVD risk among all Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos (HCHS\/SOL) participants at visit 3 (2021-2024; N~9300); (2) model pathways from sexual orientation and gender identity to CVD risk through stigma, discrimination, and stress in a 1:2 matched subcohort of SGM and non-SGM participants at visit 3 (n~1680); and (3) examine the influence of resilience factors on sexual orientation or gender identity and CVD risk relationships among subcohort participants at visit 3 (n~1680).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study will leverage existing data from the parent HCHS\/SOL study (collected since 2008) while collecting new data on sexual orientation, gender identity, stigma, discrimination, stress, coping, social support, and CVD risk. Data analysis will follow the SGM minority stress model, which states that excess stigma against SGM populations leads to minority stress that increases CVD risk. In this model, coping and social support serve as resilience factors that can mitigate the impact of minority stress on CVD risk. Cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models as well as structural equation models will be used to test these relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in March 2020. Recruitment is scheduled to begin in the first quarter of 2021 and continue through 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the influence of stigma-induced stress on CVD risk among Hispanic\/Latino SGM has significant implications for the development of culturally specific CVD risk reduction strategies. Study findings will be used to build on identified Hispanic\/Latino cultural strengths to inform adaptation and testing of family and community acceptance interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PRR1-10.2196\/28997<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/28997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T08:39:06Z","timestamp":1620290346000},"page":"e28997","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Influence of Stress, Gender, and Minority Status on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Hispanic\/Latino Community: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6541-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonia","family":"Poteat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3678-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda C","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2290-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Harkness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2700-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen R","family":"Isasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0074-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phoenix","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7982-068X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Schneiderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-6985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharat","family":"Thyagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6791-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha L","family":"Daviglus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3226-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Sotres-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista M","family":"Perreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lat0000056"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2505"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.14517"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.08.004"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.3432"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2017.0220"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6732a4"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-017-0366-z"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.01.027"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0714-3"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2016.303648"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0034"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191103258144"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17019-0"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.02.032"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.11.002"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2017.1422944"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2012.301069"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016059"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000126"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Discrimination in America: Experiences and Views of LGBTQ AmericansNational Public Radio, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health2020112021-04-28https:\/\/legacy.npr.org\/documents\/2017\/nov\/npr-discrimination-lgbtq-final.pdf"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lat0000040"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2017.1378309"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.052"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lat0000065"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2009.00598.x"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.89.10.1543"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000265"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9697-4"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/669608"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2012.300750"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-013-9523-8"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2016.07.003"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.05.006"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.03.015"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"GatesGJHow many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender? 2011The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law202142021-04-28https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/09h684x2"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03185.x"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Sexual and gender minority populations in NIH-supported researchNational Institutes of Health Sexual and Gender Minority Research Office20198282021-04-28https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/guide\/notice-files\/NOT-OD-19-139.html"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17226\/25877","author":"Patterson, CJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations"},{"key":"ref43","author":"Herman, JL","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Practices for Asking Questions to Identify Transgender and Other Gender Minority Respondents on Population-Based Surveys"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2017.0180"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Sexual Minority Assessment Research Team (SMART)Best practices for asking questions about sexual orientation on surveys Los Angeles, CAThe Williams Institute20092021-01-11http:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/SMART-FINAL-Nov-2009.pdf"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0314-2"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1224"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178043"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2016.0168"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Federal Interagency Working Group on Improving Measurement of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Federal SurveysEvaluations of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Survey Measures: What Have We Learned?20169232021-04-28https:\/\/dpcpsi.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/Evaluations_of_SOGI_Questions_20160923_508.pdf#page=41&style=.pdf"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-011-0074-x"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2332649217708798"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref53","first-page":"496","volume":"18","author":"Jones, CP","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.012"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407596133008"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000087"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181792562"},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"OutlandPDeveloping the LGBT Minority Stress measureColorado State University20162021-04-28https:\/\/mountainscholar.org\/handle\/10217\/176760"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2014-0608"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0882-7974.11.2.207"},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"OuelletteTBursteinNLongDBeecroftEMeasures of Material Hardship: Final ReportUS Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation20042018-11-20https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/report\/measures-material-hardship-final-report"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264317710839"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035248"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lat0000047"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023244"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000081"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431699019003001"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003929"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.01.014"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.005"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05341.x"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.11.031"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"ASCVD Risk Estimator PlusAmerican College of Cardiology2017-02-20http:\/\/tools.acc.org\/ASCVD-Risk-Estimator-Plus\/#!\/calculate\/estimate\/"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"Heart Risk CalculatorAhead Research Inc2019-01-20http:\/\/www.cvriskcalculator.com\/"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2630"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.683"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.02.100"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-015-9713-4"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800412455688"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp440"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2010.489379"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000914"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/m11w-vwxe-kqm9-g97q"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000069"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Hispanic Community Health Study \/ Study of Latinos20202021-04-28http:\/\/www.cscc.unc.edu\/hchs\/"},{"key":"ref88","unstructured":"Hispanic Community Health Study \/ Study of LatinosCollaborative Studies Coordinating Center2021-04-28https:\/\/sites.cscc.unc.edu\/cscc\/projects\/HCHS-SOL"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2021\/5\/e28997","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:43:09Z","timestamp":1782841389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2021\/5\/e28997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/28997","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.28997","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]}}}