{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:48:50Z","timestamp":1790804930829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent olfactory dysfunction is a significant complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Olfactory training involving aromatic oils has been recommended to improve olfactory recovery, but quantitative data are missing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to quantify the benefit of olfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application for patients who experienced olfactory dysfunction for \u22651 month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed an observational, real-life, data-based study on a cohort of patients who experienced at least 1 month of persistent olfactory dysfunction between January 30 and March 26, 2021. An analysis was performed after a mean olfactory training time of 4 weeks, and at least 500 patients were assessable for primary outcome assessment. Participants exposed themselves twice daily to odors from 4 high-concentration oils and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application. Improvement was defined as a 2-point increase on a 10-point, self-assessed olfactory visual analogue scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 548 patients were assessable for primary outcome assessment. The mean baseline, self-assessed olfactory score was 1.9 (SD 1.7), and this increased to 4.6 (SD 2.8) after a mean olfactory training time of 27.7 days (SD 17.2). Olfactory training was associated with at least a 2-point increase in 64.2% (352\/548) of patients. The rate of patients\u2019 olfactory improvement was higher for patients who trained for more than 28 days than that rate for patients who trained for less than 28 days (73.3% vs 59%; P=.002). The time to olfactory improvement was 8 days faster for patients with hyposmia compared to the time to improvement for patients with anosmia (P&lt;.001). This benefit was observed regardless of the duration of the olfactory dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory training and visual stimulation assisted by a dedicated web application was associated with significant improvement in olfaction, especially after 28 days of olfactory training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/29583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T16:12:55Z","timestamp":1621267975000},"page":"e29583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Olfactory Training and Visual Stimulation Assisted by a Web Application for Patients With Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Denis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Lise","family":"Septans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3816-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Periers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7232-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Legoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0027-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirac","family":"Gurden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Moriniere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2020.07.006"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e174"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120001826"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13089"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102889"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8391"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24340"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(03)00392-1"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin15.264"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20101"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01477"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjy018"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Visual-olfactory 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