{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:45:46Z","timestamp":1782845146900,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIRx Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research in the COVID-19 pandemic focused on the health burden, thereby largely neglecting the potential harm to life from welfare losses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper develops a model that compares the years of life lost (YLL) due to COVID-19 and the potential YLL due to the socioeconomic consequences of its containment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It improves on existing estimates by conceptually disentangling YLL due to COVID-19 and socioeconomic status. By reconciling the normative life table approach with socioeconomic differences in life expectancy, it accounts for the fact that people with low socioeconomic status are hit particularly hard by the pandemic. The model also draws on estimates of socioeconomic differences in life expectancy to ascertain potential YLL due to income loss, school closures, and extreme poverty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tentative results suggest that if only one-tenth of the current socioeconomic damage becomes permanent in the future, it may carry a higher YLL burden than COVID-19 in the more likely pandemic scenarios. The model further suggests that the socioeconomic harm outweighs the disease burden due to COVID-19 more quickly in poorer and more unequal societies. Most urgently, the substantial increase in extreme poverty needs immediate attention. Avoiding a relatively minor number of 4 million unemployed, 1 million extremely poor, and 2 million students with a higher learning loss may save a similar amount of life years as saving 1 million people from dying from COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primarily, the results illustrate the urgent need for redistributive policy interventions and global solidarity. In addition, the potentially high YLL burden from income and learning losses raises the burden of proof for the efficacy and necessity of school and business closures in the containment of the pandemic, especially where social safety nets are underdeveloped.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/30144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T16:32:50Z","timestamp":1640968370000},"page":"e30144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modeling Years of Life Lost Due to COVID-19, Socioeconomic Status, and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions: Development of a Prediction Model"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1666-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jari","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"COVID-19 Projections20212022-03-20https:\/\/covid19.healthdata.org\/"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World employment and social outlook: trends 2021International Labour Organization2021062022-03-20GenevaInternational Labor Officehttp:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/research\/global-reports\/weso\/trends2021\/WCMS_795453\/lang--en\/index.htm"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"MahlerDGYonzanNLaknerCAguilarRACWuHUpdated estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty: turning the corner on the pandemic in 2021?World Bank Blogs20212021-09-13https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/opendata\/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-global-poverty-turning-corner-pandemic-2021"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/agec.12624"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"UNICEFWhat have we learnt?: overview of findings from a survey of ministries of education on national responses to COVID-19Open Knowledge Repository20202022-03-20https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/34700"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01009-0"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9338"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa226"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","author":"Hertwig, R","year":"2020","journal-title":"SOEPpapers Multidisciplinary Panel Data Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1758193"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"COVID-19 fearsYouGov2021-02-15https:\/\/yougov.co.uk\/topics\/international\/articles-reports\/2020\/03\/17\/fear-catching-covid-19"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"HongMCorona-triage and human dignity: on the limits of balancing life against lifeVerfassungsblog20202021-04-22https:\/\/verfassungsblog.de\/corona-triage-and-human-dignity\/"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.762"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.7.485"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83040-3"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01430-2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy254"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.026807"},{"key":"ref19","author":"Berkman, L","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Epidemiology. 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