{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:12:31Z","timestamp":1787508751251,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young adults\u2019 early adoption of new cell phone technologies have created challenges to survey recruitment but offer opportunities to combine random digit dialing (RDD) sampling with web mode data collection. The National Young Adult Health Survey was designed to test the feasibility of this methodology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we compared response rates across the telephone mode and web mode, assessed sample representativeness, examined design effects (DEFFs), and compared cigarette smoking prevalence to a gold standard national survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a survey experiment where the sampling frame was randomized to single-mode telephone interviews, telephone-to-web sequential mixed mode, and single-mode web survey. A total of 831 respondents aged 18 to 34 years were recruited via RDD at baseline. A soft launch was conducted prior to main launch. We compared the web mode to the telephone modes (ie, single-mode and mixed mode) at wave 1 based on the American Association for Public Opinion Research response rate 3 for screening and extended surveys. Base-weighted demographic distributions were compared to the American Community Survey. The sample was calibrated to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey to calculate DEFFs and to compare cigarette smoking prevalence to the National Health Interview Survey. Prevalence estimates are estimated with sampling weights and are presented with unweighted sample sizes. Consistency of estimates was judged by 95% CI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The American Association for Public Opinion Research response rate 3 was higher in the telephone mode than in the web mode (24% and 30% vs 6.1% and 12.5%, for soft launch and main launch, respectively), which was reflected in response rate 3 for screening and extended surveys. During the soft launch, the extended survey and eligibility rate were low for respondents pushed to the web mode. To boost productivity and survey completes for the web condition, the main launch used cell phone numbers from the sampling frame where the sample vendor matched the number to auxiliary data, which suggested that the number likely belonged to an adult in the target age range. This increased the eligibility rate, but the screener response rate was lower. Compared to population distribution from the US Census Bureau, the telephone mode overrepresented men (57.1% [unweighted n=412] vs 50.9%) and those enrolled in college (40.3% [unweighted n=269] vs 23.8%); it also underrepresented those with a Bachelor of Arts or Science (34.4% [unweighted n=239] vs 55%). The web mode overrepresented White, non-Latinos (70.7% [unweighted n=90] vs 54.4%) and those with some college education (30.4% [unweighted n=40] vs 7.6%); it also underrepresented Latinos (13.6% [unweighted n=20] vs 20.7%) and those with a high school or General Education Development diploma (15.3% [unweighted n=20] vs 29.3%). The DEFF measure was 1.28 (subpopulation range 0.96-1.93). The National Young Adult Health Survey cigarette smoking prevalence was consistent with the National Health Interview Survey overall (15%, CI 12.4%-18% [unweighted 149\/831] vs 13.5%, CI 12.3%-14.7% [unweighted 823\/5552]), with notable deviation among 18- to 24-year-olds (15.6%, CI 11.3%-22.2% [unweighted 51\/337] vs 8.7%, CI 7.1%-10.6% [unweighted 167\/1647]), and those with education levels lower than Bachelor of Arts or Science (24%, CI 19.3%-29.4% [unweighted 123\/524] vs 17.1%, CI 15.6%-18.7% [unweighted 690\/3493]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RDD sampling for a web survey is not feasible for young adults due to its low response rate. However, combining this methodology with RDD telephone surveys may have a great potential for including media and collecting autophotographic data in population surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/31545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T11:33:28Z","timestamp":1632310408000},"page":"e31545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Use of Multimode Data Collection in Random Digit Dialing Cell Phone Surveys for Young Adults: Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2543-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Alexander","family":"Gundersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-7272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Wivagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-6327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0187-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9597-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristine D","family":"Delnevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"BenetskyMJBurdCARapinoMAYoung Adult Migration 2007-2009 to 2010-2012American Community Survey Reports20152021-06-23https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2015\/acs\/acs-31.pdf"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Total Population in Households and Group Quarters by Sex and Selected Age Groups, for the United States: 2000United States Census Bureau20012021-06-18https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/decennial\/2000\/phc\/phc-t-07\/tab01.pdf"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"BlumbergSJLukeJVWireless Substitution: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, January-June 2020National Center for Health Statistics2021022021-05-19https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhis\/earlyrelease\/wireless202102-508.pdf"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm313"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt226"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu271"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"KennedyCHartigHResponse rates in telephone surveys have resumed their declinePew Research Center20192021-06-23https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2019\/02\/27\/response-rates-in-telephone-surveys-have-resumed-their-decline\/"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Mobile Fact SheetPew Research Center2021-06-23https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/fact-sheet\/mobile\/"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"AndersonMMobile Technology and Home Broadband 2019Pew Research Center20192021-06-23https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2019\/06\/PI_2019.06.13_Mobile-Technology-and-Home-Broadband_FINAL2.pdf"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Cellphone Activities 2013Pew Research Center2021-06-23https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/media\/Files\/Reports\/2013\/PIP_Cell-Phone-Activities-May-2013.pdf"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Avoid unwanted calls on iPhoneApple2021-06-09https:\/\/support.apple.com\/guide\/iphone\/avoid-unwanted-calls-iphe4b3f7823\/ios"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"2018 American Community Survey 1-year Public Use Microdata SamplesUnited States Census Bureau2021-06-09https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs\/data\/pums\/2018\/1-Year\/"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v009.i08"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical ComputingThe R Foundation for Statistical Computing2021-06-24https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for SurveysThe American Association for Public Opinion Research20162021-06-24https:\/\/www.aapor.org\/AAPOR_Main\/media\/publications\/Standard-Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf"},{"issue":"175","key":"ref16","first-page":"1","author":"Parker, JD","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","first-page":"183","volume":"8","author":"Kish, L","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"National Health Interview Survey, 2018 Data ReleaseCenters for Disease Control and Prevention2021-06-09National Center for Health Statisticshttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhis\/nhis_2018_data_release.htm"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18148\/srm\/2020.v14i1.7591"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29115\/SP-2016-0014"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.103945"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"National Health Interview Survey, 2017Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2021-06-09National Center for Health Statisticshttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhis\/data-questionnaires-documentation.htm"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0255-7"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439305278972"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfh013"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Mobile technologies for conducting, augmenting and potentially replacing surveysAmerican Association of Public Opinion Research20142021-06-23https:\/\/www.aapor.org\/getattachment\/Education-Resources\/Reports\/REVISED_Mobile_Technology_Report_Final_revised10June14.pdf.aspx"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917748215"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Noland, C","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of research Practice"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2021\/12\/e31545","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:48:34Z","timestamp":1782841714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2021\/12\/e31545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/31545","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.31545","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]}}}