{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:50:01Z","timestamp":1782845401928,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After the global spread of SARS-CoV-2, research has highlighted several aspects of the pandemic, focusing on clinical features and risk factors associated with infection and disease severity. However, emerging results on the role of smoking in SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility or COVID-19 outcomes are conflicting, and their robustness remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this context, this study aims at quantifying the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence, studying the changes in antibody levels over time, and analyzing the association between the biochemically verified smoking status and SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research design involves a 6-month prospective cohort study with a serial sampling of the same individuals. Each participant will be surveyed about their demographics and COVID-19\u2013related information, and blood sampling will be collected upon recruitment and at specified follow-up time points (ie, after 8 and 24 weeks). Blood samples will be screened for the presence of SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific antibodies and serum cotinine, being the latter of the principal metabolite of nicotine, which will be used to assess participants\u2019 smoking status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is ongoing. It aims to find a higher antibody prevalence in individuals at high risk for viral exposure (ie, health care personnel) and to refine current estimates on the association between smoking status and SARS-CoV-2\/COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The added value of this research is that the current smoking status of the population to be studied will be biochemically verified to avoid the bias associated with self-reported smoking status. As such, the results from this survey may provide an actionable metric to study the role of smoking in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes, and therefore to implement the most appropriate public health measures to control the pandemic. Results may also serve as a reference for future clinical research, and the methodology could be exploited in public health sectors and policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DERR1-10.2196\/32285<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/32285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T10:39:58Z","timestamp":1631011198000},"page":"e32285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seroepidemiological Survey on the Impact of Smoking on SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Outcomes: Protocol for the Troina Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8450-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Polosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2287-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venera","family":"Tomaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0349-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba Corina","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9247-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Saitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9867-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Caraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1049-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6281-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murugesan","family":"Thangaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Zuccarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4861-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jed","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio Giacomo","family":"Cantone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7596-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Belsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Cibella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7454-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Interlandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health OrganizationWHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard2021-04-18https:\/\/covid19.who.int"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0Sorveglianza integrata COVID-19: i principali dati nazionaliEpiCentro2021-04-18https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/coronavirus\/sars-cov-2-sorveglianza-dati"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"COVID-19 Italia Monitoraggio della situazioneDipartimento Protezione Civile2021-04-18https:\/\/mappe.protezionecivile.gov.it\/it\/mappe-emergenze\/mappe-coronavirus"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v92i2.11149"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspectedWorld Health Organization2020-04-18https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/clinical-management-of-novel-cov"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa106"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25884"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6914e2"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1661-4"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052567"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6976"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa629"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.006"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2013020"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30364-9"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Primi risultati dell'indagine di sieroprevalenza SARS-CoV-2Istituto Nazionale di Statistica2021-04-18https:\/\/www.istat.it\/it\/files\/2020\/08\/ReportPrimiRisultatiIndagineSiero.pdf"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00547-2020"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007621"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082511"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.20.2206"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2530"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.05.004"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Hiding in plain sight: treating tobacco dependency in the NHSRoyal College of Physicians20182021-04-18https:\/\/www.rcplondon.ac.uk\/projects\/outputs\/hiding-plain-sight-treating-tobacco-dependency-nhs"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/119324"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"SimonsDShahabLBrownJPerskiOThe association of smoking status with SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19: a living rapid evidence reviewQeios20202021-04-18https:\/\/www.qeios.com\/read\/article\/582"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000775"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.03.014"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"MiyaraMTubachFPourcherVMorelot-PanziniCPernetJHarocheJLebbahSMorawiecEGorochovGCaumesEHausfaterPCombesASimilowskiTAmouraZLow incidence of daily active tobacco smoking in patients with symptomatic COVID-19Qeios20212021-04-18https:\/\/www.qeios.com\/read\/article\/574"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622320935765"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6913e2"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0271"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.05.20092015"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1966"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Monitoraggio e mappatura dinamica dei contagi da COVID-19 in SiciliaRegione Siciliana Dipartimento Protezione Civile2021-09-04https:\/\/www.protezionecivilesicilia.it\/it\/219-monitoraggio-e-mappatura-dinamica-dei-contagi-da-covid-19-nel-territorio-della-regione-sicilia.asp"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Ordinanza contingibile e urgente n. 12 del 29-03-2020Regione Siciliana2021-09-04https:\/\/www.regione.sicilia.it\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-12\/Ordinanza_n12_del_29032020.pdf"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Manufacturer protocol Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISAEUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG2021-09-04https:\/\/www.euroimmun.com"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200841"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2021\/11\/e32285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:49:52Z","timestamp":1782841792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2021\/11\/e32285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/32285","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.32285","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.04.29.21256236","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]}}}