{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:52:07Z","timestamp":1782845527416,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 85% of active members of the Canadian Armed Forces have been exposed to potentially traumatic events linked to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At the time of transition to civilian life, as high as 1 in 8 veterans may be diagnosed with PTSD. Given the high prevalence of PTSD in military and veteran populations, the provision of effective treatment considering their unique challenges and experiences is critical for mental health support and the well-being of these populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper presents the protocol for a meta-analysis and systematic review that will examine the effectiveness of treatment approaches for military-related PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This PROSPERO-preregistered meta-analysis is being conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and Cochrane guidelines. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using the databases PsycInfo, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and ProQuest Dissertation &amp; Theses. Effect sizes will be computed based on changes in PTSD symptom scores over time across studies using validated PTSD scales. A multilevel meta-analysis will examine the overall effects, between-study effects, and within-study effects of available evidence for PTSD treatments in military populations. Effect sizes will be compared between pharmacotherapeutic, psychotherapeutic, and alternative\/emerging treatment interventions. Finally, meta-regression and subgroup analyses will explore the moderating roles of clinical characteristics (eg, PTSD symptom clusters), treatment approaches (eg, therapeutic orientations in psychotherapy and alternative therapies and classifications of drugs in pharmacotherapy), as well as treatment characteristics (eg, length of intervention) on treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature search was completed on April 14, 2021. After the removal of duplicates, a total of 12,002 studies were screened for inclusion. As of July 2021, title and abstract screening has been completed, with 1469 out of 12,002 (12.23%) studies included for full-text review. Full review is expected to be completed in the summer of 2021, with initial results expected for publication by early winter of 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis will provide information on the current state of evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of various treatment approaches for military-related PTSD and identify factors that may influence treatment outcomes. The results will inform clinical decision-making for service providers and service users. Finally, the findings will provide insights into future treatment development and practice recommendations to better support the well-being of military and veteran populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42021245754; https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y9u57c59<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DERR1-10.2196\/33151<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/33151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T10:18:36Z","timestamp":1632219516000},"page":"e33151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Four Decades of Military Posttraumatic Stress: Protocol for a Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Treatment Approaches and Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny J W","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3288-7609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Nazarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8741-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany","family":"Easterbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0393-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel A","family":"Plouffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tri","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9085-0620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callista","family":"Forchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1595-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alec","family":"Brandwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5858-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"St Cyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edouard","family":"Auger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2221-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Balderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4850-0560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Bilodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9888-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer M","family":"Burhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8375-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray W","family":"Enns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1746-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fardous","family":"Hosseiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3668-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7041-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2927-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Don","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20656"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506001104"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181647"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref4","first-page":"623","volume":"41","author":"Reisman, M","year":"2016","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20170024"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12866"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.5.519"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/foc.7.2.foc204"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.102133"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003262"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jmvfh.3258"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"3","volume":"22","author":"Holmes, R","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0101758"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0101781"},{"key":"ref15","author":"Resick, P","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300255"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med-psych\/9780190926939.001.0001","author":"Foa, EB","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences, Therapist Guide (2 ed)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/tpp\/13-098"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"PTSD Treatment BasicsUS Department of Veteran Affairs20202021-04-14https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/understand_tx\/tx_basics.asp"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00258"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20661"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/int0000113"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"PoharRArg\u00e1ezCAcceptance and Commitment Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression: A Review of Clinical EffectivenessCanadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health201708282021-10-18https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK525684\/"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"JeffreysMClinician's Guide to Medications for PTSDUS Department of Veterans Affairs20213192021-04-14https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/treat\/txessentials\/clinician_guide_meds.asp#symptoms"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8010018"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0851-5"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2014.00174.x"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.9307"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01121"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx071"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/dcns.2015.17.2\/jflory"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(18)30135-4"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20620"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed-d-04-1507"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1802920"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22679"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"LiuJJWNazarovAEasterbrookBPlouffeRRichardsonJDThe effectiveness of pharmacotherapy versus psychotherapy for treating post-traumatic stress disorder in military populations: a meta-analysisPROSPERO202104232021-04-23https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021245754"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"WeathersFBlakeDDSchnurrPPKaloupekDGMarxBPKeaneTMClinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)US Department of Veterans Affairs20132021-04-14https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/adult-int\/caps.asp"},{"key":"ref39","author":"Weathers, FW","year":"1991","journal-title":"PCL-M for DSM-IV"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"WeathersFWLitzBTKeaneTMPalmieriPAMarxBPSchnurrPPThe PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)US Department of Veterans Affairs\/National Center for PTSD20132021-04-14https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/adult-sr\/ptsd-checklist.asp"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3703-5"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115615212"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000258"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000259"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015808"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105623"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"BorensteinMHedgesLHigginsJPTRothsteinHRComprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2.2.027)Biostat Inc20052021-10-18https:\/\/www.meta-analysis.com"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2021.1936286"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemannHBrozekJGuyattGOxmanAHandbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approachThe GRADE Working Group20132021-04-14http:\/\/www.gradeworkinggroup.org\/"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2021\/10\/e33151","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:51:40Z","timestamp":1782841900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2021\/10\/e33151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/33151","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.33151","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]}}}