{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:20:34Z","timestamp":1792016434446,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic diseases contribute to high rates of disability and mortality. Patient engagement in chronic disease self-management is an essential component of chronic disease models of health care. Wearables provide patient-centered health data in real time, which can help inform self-management decision-making. Despite the perceived benefits of wearables in improving chronic disease self-management, their influence on health care outcomes remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aimed to examine the influence of wearables on health care outcomes in individuals with chronic diseases through a systematic review of the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative systematic review was conducted by searching 6 databases for randomized and observational studies published between January 1, 2016, and July 1, 2021, that included the use of a wearable intervention in a chronic disease group to assess its impact on a predefined outcome measure. These outcomes were defined as any influence on the patient or clinician experience, cost-effectiveness, or health care outcomes as a result of the wearable intervention. Data from the included studies were extracted based on 6 key themes, which formed the basis for a narrative qualitative synthesis. All outcomes were mapped against each component of the Quadruple Aim of health care. The guidelines of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement were followed in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 30 articles were included; studies reported 2446 participants (mean age: range 10.1-74.4 years), and the influence of 14 types of wearables on 18 chronic diseases was presented. The most studied chronic diseases were type 2 diabetes (4\/30, 13%), Parkinson disease (3\/30, 10%), and chronic lower back pain (3\/30, 10%). The results were mixed when assessing the impact on a predefined primary outcome, with 50% (15\/30) of studies finding a positive influence on the studied outcome and 50% (15\/30) demonstrating a nil effect. There was a positive effect of 3D virtual reality systems on chronic pain in 7% (2\/30) of studies that evaluated 2 distinct chronic pain syndromes. Mixed results were observed in influencing exercise capacity; weight; and biomarkers of disease, such as hemoglobin A1c, in diabetes. In total, 155 outcomes were studied. Most (139\/155, 89.7%) addressed the health care outcomes component. This included pain (11\/155, 7.5%), quality of life (7\/155, 4.8%), and physical function (5\/155, 3.4%). Approximately 7.7% (12\/155) of outcome measures represented the patient experience component, with 1.3% (2\/155) addressing the clinician experience and cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given their popularity and capability, wearables may play an integral role in chronic disease management. However, further research is required to generate a strong evidence base for safe and effective implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42021244562; https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=244562<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/36690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T15:40:00Z","timestamp":1652715600000},"page":"e36690","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["The Influence of Wearables on Health Care Outcomes in Chronic Disease: Systematic 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