{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:56:48Z","timestamp":1782845808887,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interact J Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been a global decrease in seasonal influenza activity since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to describe influenza activity during the 2021\/2022 season and compare it to the trends from 2012 to 2023. We also explored the influence of social and public health prevention measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained influenza data from January 1, 2012, to February 5, 2023, from publicly available platforms for China, the United States, and Australia. Mitigation measures were evaluated per the stringency index, a composite index with 9 measures. A general additive model was used to assess the stringency index and the influenza positivity rate correlation, and the deviance explained was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used over 200,000 influenza surveillance data. Influenza activity remained low in the United States and Australia during the 2021\/2022 season. However, it increased in the United States with a positive rate of 26.2% in the 49th week of 2022. During the 2021\/2022 season, influenza activity significantly increased compared with the previous year in southern and northern China, with peak positivity rates of 28.1% and 35.1% in the second week of 2022, respectively. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the dominant influenza virus genotype in China was type B\/Victoria, during the 2021\/2022 season, and accounted for &gt;98% (24,541\/24,908 in the South and 20,543\/20,634 in the North) of all cases. Influenza virus type B\/Yamagata was not detected in all these areas after the COVID-19 pandemic. Several measures individually significantly influence local influenza activity, except for influenza type B in Australia. When combined with all the measures, the deviance explained values for influenza A and B were 87.4% (P&lt;.05 for measures of close public transport and restrictions on international travel) and 77.6% in southern China and 83.4% (P&lt;.05 for measures of school closing and close public transport) and 81.4% in northern China, respectively. In the United States, the association was relatively stronger, with deviance-explained values of 98.6% for influenza A and 99.1% (P&lt;.05 for measures of restrictions on international travel and public information campaign) for influenza B. There were no discernible effects on influenza B activity in Australia between 2020 and 2022 due to the incredibly low positive rate of influenza B. Additionally, the deviance explained values were 95.8% (P&lt;.05 for measures of restrictions on gathering size and restrictions on international travel) for influenza A and 72.7% for influenza B.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza activity has increased gradually since 2021. Mitigation measures for COVID-19 showed correlations with influenza activity, mainly driven by the early stage of the pandemic. During late 2021 and 2022, the influence of mitigation management for COVID-19 seemingly decreased gradually, as the activity of influenza increased compared to the 2020\/2021 season.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/47370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T16:40:48Z","timestamp":1724863248000},"page":"e47370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in the Epidemiological Features of Influenza After the COVID-19 Pandemic in China, the United States, and Australia: Updated Surveillance Data for Influenza Activity"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3176-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-7181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9855-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2122-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3599-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunshao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5555-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peixi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6599-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weizhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzhao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202115352"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.40.2100077"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01242"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.6125"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.05.039"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab942"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7029a1"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23440-1"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa672"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01061-8"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/44970"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29186"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2056399"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29249"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.829799"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038356"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2023-001638"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Influenza transmission zonesWHO20182024-09-14https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/influenza_transmission_zones"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"COVID-19: stringency indexOxford Uo2024-09-14https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bd66sz5w"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"OxCGRT covid-policy-datasetBlavatnik School of Government UoO20202024-10-01https:\/\/github.com\/OxCGRT\/covid-policy-dataset"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"CenterCTechnical guidelines for national influenza surveillanceCenter CNI20172024-09-14https:\/\/ivdc.chinacdc.cn\/cnic\/zyzx\/jcfa\/201709\/P020170930331067634607.pdf"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Influenza surveillance: purpose and methodsPrevention cfDCa2023-10-13https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fluview\/overview\/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/weekly\/overview.htm"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Influenza infection (flu) - 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