{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:51:37Z","timestamp":1782841897935,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Perioper Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than 300 million patients undergo surgical procedures requiring anesthesia worldwide annually. There are 2 standard-of-care general anesthesia administration options: inhaled volatile anesthesia (INVA) and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). There is limited evidence comparing these methods and their impact on patient experiences and outcomes. Patients often seek this information from sources such as the internet. However, the majority of websites on anesthesia-related topics are not comprehensive, updated, and fully accurate. The quality and availability of web-based patient information about INVA and TIVA have not been sufficiently examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to (1) assess information on the internet about INVA and TIVA for availability, readability, accuracy, and quality and (2) identify high-quality websites that can be recommended to patients to assist in their anesthesia information-seeking and decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Web-based searches were conducted using Google from April 2022 to November 2022. Websites were coded using a coding instrument developed based on the International Patient Decision Aids Standards criteria and adapted to be appropriate for assessing websites describing INVA and TIVA. Readability was calculated with the Flesch-Kincaid (F-K) grade level and the simple measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) readability formula.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 67 websites containing 201 individual web pages were included for coding and analysis. Most of the websites provided a basic definition of general anesthesia (unconsciousness, n=57, 85%; analgesia, n=47, 70%). Around half of the websites described common side effects of general anesthesia, while fewer described the rare but serious adverse events, such as intraoperative awareness (n=31, 46%), allergic reactions or anaphylaxis (n=29, 43%), and malignant hyperthermia (n=18, 27%). Of the 67 websites, the median F-K grade level was 11.3 (IQR 9.5-12.8) and the median SMOG score was 13.5 (IQR 12.2-14.4), both far above the American Medical Association (AMA) recommended reading level of sixth grade. A total of 51 (76%) websites distinguished INVA versus TIVA as general anesthesia options. A total of 12 of the 51 (24%) websites explicitly stated that there is a decision to be considered about receiving INVA versus TIVA for general anesthesia. Only 10 (20%) websites made any direct comparisons between INVA and TIVA, discussing their positive and negative features. A total of 12 (24%) websites addressed the concept of shared decision-making in planning anesthesia care, but none specifically asked patients to think about which features of INVA and TIVA matter the most to them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the majority of websites described INVA and TIVA, few provided comparisons. There is a need for high-quality patient education and decision support about the choice of INVA versus TIVA to provide accurate and more comprehensive information in a format conducive to patient understanding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/47714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:01Z","timestamp":1698916561000},"page":"e47714","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Description of the Content and Quality of Publicly Available Information on the Internet About Inhaled Volatile Anesthesia and Total Intravenous Anesthesia: Descriptive Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4093-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinwen","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1571-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany R Tellor","family":"Pennington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S","family":"Avidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6546-0273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachin","family":"Kheterpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nastassjia G","family":"deBourbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9103-6495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary C","family":"Politi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60160-X"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-023-02219-5"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes326"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-017-0319-1"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000686"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2019.05.001"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.06211.x"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2008.05813.x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0903700103"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18675.1"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2015.02.005"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2003.03295_4.x"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem117"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2000.01557-58x.\/"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001590"},{"key":"ref16","author":"Weiss, BD","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Literacy and Patient Safety: Help Patients Understand. Manual for Clinicians"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Educational attainment in the United States: 2021United States Census Bureau20222022-12-01https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2021\/demo\/educational-attainment\/cps-detailed-tables.html"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Search engine market share worldwideStatCounter Global Stats20222022-03-28https:\/\/gs.statcounter.com\/search-engine-market-share"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30695"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.10.928"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration2021-12-18http:\/\/ipdas.ohri.ca\/using.html"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X13501721"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2346.1998.00319.x"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12826"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13809"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2019.10.010"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15317"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.12.025"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000002"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003843.pub4"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000130261.90896.6C"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001452"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-59.4.154"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1996.tb05549.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507203330303"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2005.12.016"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2008.07.013"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2011.604391"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012317.pub2"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04823.x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)11010-9"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2003.07.001"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Readability scoreReadable20182022-11-07https:\/\/readable.com\/"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"KincaidJPFishburneRPRogersRLChissomBSDerivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and flesch reading ease formula) for Navy enlisted PersonnelDefense Technical Information Center19752023-09-28https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/citations\/ADA006655"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"639","author":"Mc Laughlin, GH","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Read"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"General anaesthesiaWikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia20222023-01-16https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=General_anaesthesia&oldid=1128457337"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Total intravenous anaesthesiaWikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia20232023-09-28https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Total_intravenous_anaesthesia&oldid=1132012476"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"WhitlockJHow general anesthesia worksverywellhealth2023-01-16https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/before-during-and-after-general-anesthesia-4150168"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"AxtellBSide effects of general anesthesia: what to expectHealthline20182000-01-17https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/side-effects-of-general-anesthesia"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Propofol generic diprivan: used for anesthesia and sedationGoodRx2023-01-16https:\/\/www.goodrx.com\/propofol"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"AnesthesiaCleveland Clinic20202023-01-16https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/15286-anesthesia"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"How safe is anesthesia? 5 common concernsCleveland Clinic20202023-01-16https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/safe-anesthesia-5-things-know\/"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"NewmanTWhat to know about general anesthesiaMedicalNewsToday20212023-01-16https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/265592"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"General anaesthesiaNational Health Service20212023-01-16https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/general-anaesthesia\/"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"AnaesthesiaNational Health Service20212023-01-16https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/anaesthesia\/"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"General anaestheticNHS Inform20202023-01-16https:\/\/www.nhsinform.scot\/tests-and-treatments\/medicines-and-medical-aids\/types-of-medicine\/general-anaesthetic"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Anaesthesia explained: information for patientsOxford University Hospitals NHS2023-01-16https:\/\/www.ouh.nhs.uk\/patient-guide\/leaflets\/files\/13762Panaesthesia.pdf"},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"General anesthesiaAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists2023-01-16https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/madeforthismoment\/anesthesia-101\/types-of-anesthesia\/general-anesthesia\/"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"General anestheticsDrugs.com2023-01-16https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/drug-class\/general-anesthetics.html"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"DurbinKPropofolDrugs.com2023-01-16https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/propofol.html"},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"General anesthesiaMayo Clinic20232023-08-13https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/anesthesia\/about\/pac-20384568"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"McKechnieDAnaesthesiaPatient2023-01-16https:\/\/patient.info\/treatment-medication\/anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"Inhaled anestheticsNYSORA2023-01-16https:\/\/www.nysora.com\/anesthesia\/inhaled-anesthetics\/"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186856"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01211-0"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.0291"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.0290"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.1078"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X19874347"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2021.100382"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.0730"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-018-0632-3"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2017.12.001"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011387.pub2"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14428"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22246"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu405"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redar.2017.09.010"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012317.pub2"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev034"},{"key":"ref81","unstructured":"Volatile vs total intravenous anaesthesia for major non-cardiac surgery a pragmatic randomised controlled triaL (VITAL)National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)20212023-01-20https:\/\/fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk\/award\/NIHR130573"},{"key":"ref82","unstructured":"Volatile anaesthesia and perioperative outcomes related to cancer: the VAPOR-C trialClinicalTrials.gov20202023-01-20https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04316013"},{"key":"ref83","unstructured":"THRIVE: trajectories of recovery after intravenous propofol vs inhaled VolatilE anesthesiaPatient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)20212023-01-20https:\/\/www.pcori.org\/research-results\/2021\/thrive-trajectories-recovery-after-intravenous-propofol-vs-inhaled-volatile-anesthesia"}],"container-title":["JMIR Perioperative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/periop.jmir.org\/2023\/1\/e47714","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:27:58Z","timestamp":1782840478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/periop.jmir.org\/2023\/1\/e47714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"references-count":83,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/47714","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.47714","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2561-9128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-9128","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]}}}