{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:54:06Z","timestamp":1782842046461,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Public Health Surveill"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is proven to prevent HIV infection. However, PrEP uptake to date has been limited and inequitable. Analyzing the readability of existing PrEP-related information is important to understand the potential impact of available PrEP information on PrEP uptake and identify opportunities to improve PrEP-related education and communication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the readability of web-based PrEP information identified using search engines and on Twitter. We investigated the readability of web-based PrEP documents, stratified by how the PrEP document was obtained on the web, information source, document format and communication method, PrEP modality, and intended audience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Web-based PrEP information in English was systematically identified using search engines and the Twitter API. We manually verified and categorized results and described the method used to obtain information, information source, document format and communication method, PrEP modality, and intended audience. Documents were converted to plain text for the analysis and readability of the collected documents was assessed using 4 readability indices. We conducted pairwise comparisons of readability based on how the PrEP document was obtained on the web, information source, document format, communication method, PrEP modality, and intended audience, then adjusted for multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 463 documents were identified. Overall, the readability of web-based PrEP information was at a higher level (10.2-grade reading level) than what is recommended for health information provided to the general public (ninth-grade reading level, as suggested by the Department of Health and Human Services). Brochures (n=33, 7% of all identified resources) were the only type of PrEP materials that achieved the target of ninth-grade reading level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Web-based PrEP information is often written at a complex level for potential and current PrEP users to understand. This may hinder PrEP uptake for some people who would benefit from it. The readability of PrEP-related information found on the web should be improved to align more closely with health communication guidelines for reading level to improve access to this important health information, facilitate informed decisions by those with a need for PrEP, and realize national prevention goals for PrEP uptake and reducing new HIV infections in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/48630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:38:53Z","timestamp":1687757933000},"page":"e48630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Health Information on Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis From Search Engines and Twitter: Readability Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2419-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3332-2300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latesha","family":"Elopre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-0293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaorong","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Grov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick Sean","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61127-7"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001511"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000238"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.1343"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.06.009"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.06.005"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms1513641"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000809"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00447-4"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LopezCKimBSacksKHealth literacy in the United States: enhancing assessments and reducing disparitiesMilken Institute20222023-08-04https:\/\/milkeninstitute.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-05\/Health_Literacy_United_States_Final_Report.pdf","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4182046"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Healthy people 2020US Department of Health and Human Services. 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