{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:53:23Z","timestamp":1782842003742,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n From 2016 to 2021, the volume of peer-reviewed publications related to tobacco has experienced a significant increase. This presents a considerable challenge in efficiently summarizing, synthesizing, and disseminating research findings, especially when it comes to addressing specific target populations, such as the LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, Two Spirit, and other persons who identify as part of this community) populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n In order to expedite evidence synthesis and research gap discoveries, this pilot study has the following three aims: (1) to compile a specialized semantic database for tobacco policy research to extract information from journal article abstracts, (2) to develop natural language processing (NLP) algorithms that comprehend the literature on nicotine and tobacco product use among sexual and gender diverse populations, and (3) to compare the discoveries of the NLP algorithms with an ongoing systematic review of tobacco policy research among LGBTQ+ populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We built a tobacco research domain\u2013specific semantic database using data from 2993 paper abstracts from 4 leading tobacco-specific journals, with enrichment from other publicly available sources. We then trained an NLP model to extract named entities after learning patterns and relationships between words and their context in text, which further enriched the semantic database. Using this iterative process, we extracted and assessed studies relevant to LGBTQ+ tobacco control issues, further comparing our findings with an ongoing systematic review that also focuses on evidence synthesis for this demographic group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In total, 33 studies were identified as relevant to sexual and gender diverse individuals\u2019 nicotine and tobacco product use. Consistent with the ongoing systematic review, the NLP results showed that there is a scarcity of studies assessing policy impact on this demographic using causal inference methods. In addition, the literature is dominated by US data. We found that the product drawing the most attention in the body of existing research is cigarettes or cigarette smoking and that the number of studies of various age groups is almost evenly distributed between youth or young adults and adults, consistent with the research needs identified by the US health agencies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our pilot study serves as a compelling demonstration of the capabilities of NLP tools in expediting the processes of evidence synthesis and the identification of research gaps. While future research is needed to statistically test the NLP tool\u2019s performance, there is potential for NLP tools to fundamentally transform the approach to evidence synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/49031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T03:43:26Z","timestamp":1703821406000},"page":"e49031","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Use of Machine Learning Tools in Evidence Synthesis of Tobacco Use Among Sexual and Gender Diverse Populations: Algorithm Development and Validation"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6086-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoying","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6706-2818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5690-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0854-8746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuanzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6001-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3999-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aadeeba","family":"Kaareen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6597-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8838-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ce","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"United States Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon GeneralSmoking cessation: a report of the surgeon generalNational Library of Medicine20202024-01-09https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK555591\/"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and HealthThe health consequences of smoking- 50 years of progressNational Library of Medicine20142024-01-09https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK179276\/"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"LGBTQ+ people experience a health burden from commercial tobaccoCenters for Disease Control and Prevention20222024-01-09https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/health-equity\/lgbtq\/health-burden.html"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/37804"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/medinform.7140"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27386"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35928"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29969"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/37635"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33335"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz059"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.024"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"RePORTERNational Institutes of Health2024-01-19https:\/\/reporter.nih.gov\/"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/w19-5034"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000464"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2010.07.006"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz682"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Nallapati, R","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20826"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24020"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48072"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30451"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29029"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28962"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v46i06a02"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Achieving health equity in tobacco controlTruth Initiative20152024-01-09https:\/\/truthinitiative.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/files\/2019\/03\/Achieving"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.10.029"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw291"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.039982"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01210-8"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-054119"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"MaSMirzaMSchusterABridgesJShangCA systematic review of the effects of tobacco control policies on tobacco use among LGBTQIA+ populationsPROSPERO 2022 CRD420223605592024-01-09https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022360559"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2021.192"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"AboutTobacco Control2023-12-01https:\/\/tobaccocontrol.bmj.com\/pages\/about"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"About the journalNicotine & Tobacco Research2023-12-01https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/pages\/About"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Aims and scopeTobacco Induced Diseases2023-12-01http:\/\/www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org\/Aims-and-Scope,386.html"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Tobacco Prevention & Cessation2023-12-01http:\/\/www.tobaccopreventioncessation.com\/Aim-Scope,198.html"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"RatinovLRothDDesign challenges and misconceptions in named entity recognitionCoNLL '092024-01-09http:\/\/cogcomp.org\/papers\/RatinovRo09.pdf"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tkde.2018.2812203"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811241","author":"Cameron, A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052356"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging productsWorld Health Organization20212024-01-09https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240032095"},{"key":"ref43","author":"Liu, Y","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"spaCy2024-01-09https:\/\/spacy.io\/"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Prodigy2024-01-09https:\/\/prodi.gy\/features\/named-entity-recognition"},{"key":"ref46","author":"White, J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"LGBTQIA resource center glossaryUniversity of California, Davis20232024-01-09https:\/\/lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu\/educated\/glossary"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.109934"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.190628"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.06.314245"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20007"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1074-9"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7111a1"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7105a1"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"JiangSLGBTQ-NERGitHub20232024-01-09https:\/\/github.com\/jiangsn\/LGBTQ-NER"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e49031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:30:19Z","timestamp":1782840619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e49031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"references-count":55,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/49031","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.49031","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]}}}