{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:59:17Z","timestamp":1787313557451,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Hum Factors"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Health care professionals, particularly those in surgical settings, face high stress levels, impacting their well-being. Traditional monitoring methods, like using Holter electrocardiogram monitors, are impractical in the operating room, limiting the assessment of physicians\u2019 health. Wrist-worn heart rate monitors, like the Apple Watch, offer promise but are restricted in surgeries due to sterility issues.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to assess the feasibility and accuracy of using an upper arm\u2013worn Apple Watch for heart rate monitoring during robotic-assisted surgeries, comparing its performance with that of a wrist-worn device to establish a reliable alternative monitoring site.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study used 2 identical Apple Watch Series 8 devices to monitor the heart rate of surgeons during robotic-assisted surgery. Heart rate data were collected from the wrist-worn and the upper arm\u2013worn devices. Statistical analyses included calculating the mean difference and SD of difference between the 2 devices, constructing Bland-Altman plots, assessing accuracy based on mean absolute error and mean absolute percentage error, and calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The mean absolute errors for the whole group and for participants A, B, C, and D were 3.63, 3.58, 2.70, 3.93, and 4.28, respectively, and the mean absolute percentage errors were 3.58%, 3.34%, 2.42%, 4.58%, and 4.00%, respectively. Bland-Altman plots and scatter plots showed no systematic error when comparing the heart rate measurements obtained from the upper arm\u2013worn and the wrist-worn Apple Watches. The intraclass correlation coefficients for participants A, B, C, and D were 0.559, 0.651, 0.508, and 0.563, respectively, with a significance level of P<.001, indicating moderate reliability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The findings of this study suggest that the upper arm is a viable alternative site for monitoring heart rate during surgery using an Apple Watch. The agreement and reliability between the measurements obtained from the upper arm\u2013worn and the wrist-worn devices were good, with no systematic error and a high level of accuracy. These findings have important implications for improving data collection and management of the physical and mental demands of operating room staff during surgery, where wearing a watch on the wrist may not be feasible.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/50891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T19:05:11Z","timestamp":1695495911000},"page":"e50891","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Feasibility and Reliability of Upper Arm\u2013Worn Apple Watch Heart Rate Monitoring for Surgeons During Surgery: Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7289-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazunosuke","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4562-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuaki","family":"Enokida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryuji","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7093-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Imaizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7273-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3551-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Ojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3199"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12752"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19932820.2020.1768024"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-019-00996-1"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1223-8"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11889"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30791"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010180"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(97)00246-5"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2006"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113046"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043012"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.06.008"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000435947"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.015"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.745864"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm7020003"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1325-2"}],"container-title":["JMIR Human Factors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2023\/1\/e50891","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:34:10Z","timestamp":1782840850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2023\/1\/e50891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/50891","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.50891","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2292-9495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2292-9495","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}}}