{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:45:15Z","timestamp":1783007115480,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The initiation of clinical trials for messenger RNA (mRNA) HIV vaccines in early 2022 revived public discussion on HIV vaccines after 3 decades of unsuccessful research. These trials followed the success of mRNA technology in COVID-19 vaccines but unfolded amid intense vaccine debates during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is crucial to gain insights into public discourse and reactions about potential new vaccines, and social media platforms such as X (formerly known as Twitter) provide important channels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drawing from infodemiology and infoveillance research, this study investigated the patterns of public discourse and message-level drivers of user reactions on X regarding HIV vaccines by analyzing posts using machine learning algorithms. We examined how users used different post types to contribute to topics and valence and how these topics and valence influenced like and repost counts. In addition, the study identified salient aspects of HIV vaccines related to COVID-19 and prominent anti\u2013HIV vaccine conspiracy theories through manual coding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected 36,424 English-language original posts about HIV vaccines on the X platform from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. We used topic modeling and sentiment analysis to uncover latent topics and valence, which were subsequently analyzed across post types in cross-tabulation analyses and integrated into linear regression models to predict user reactions, specifically likes and reposts. Furthermore, we manually coded the 1000 most engaged posts about HIV and COVID-19 to uncover salient aspects of HIV vaccines related to COVID-19 and the 1000 most engaged negative posts to identify prominent anti\u2013HIV vaccine conspiracy theories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Topic modeling revealed 3 topics: HIV and COVID-19, mRNA HIV vaccine trials, and HIV vaccine and immunity. HIV and COVID-19 underscored the connections between HIV vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, as evidenced by subtopics about their reciprocal impact on development and various comparisons. The overall valence of the posts was marginally positive. Compared to self-composed posts initiating new conversations, there was a higher proportion of HIV and COVID-19\u2013related and negative posts among quote posts and replies, which contribute to existing conversations. The topic of mRNA HIV vaccine trials, most evident in self-composed posts, increased repost counts. Positive valence increased like and repost counts. Prominent anti\u2013HIV vaccine conspiracy theories often falsely linked HIV vaccines to concurrent COVID-19 and other HIV-related events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results highlight COVID-19 as a significant context for public discourse and reactions regarding HIV vaccines from both positive and negative perspectives. The success of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines shed a positive light on HIV vaccines. However, COVID-19 also situated HIV vaccines in a negative context, as observed in some anti\u2013HIV vaccine conspiracy theories misleadingly connecting HIV vaccines with COVID-19. These findings have implications for public health communication strategies concerning HIV vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/53375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T10:30:50Z","timestamp":1712140250000},"page":"e53375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Public Discourse, User Reactions, and Conspiracy Theories on the X Platform About HIV Vaccines: Data Mining and Content Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2653-5914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jueman M","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2293-3664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7751-6265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magali","family":"Mouton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7208-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jixuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8586-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.2919"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"History of HIV vaccine researchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases2023-09-20https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/diseases-conditions\/hiv-vaccine-research-history"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"HIV surveillance reportCenters for Disease Control and Prevention2023-09-20https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/library\/reports\/hiv-surveillance\/vol-34\/index.html"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"IAVI and Moderna launch trial of HIV vaccine antigens delivered through mRNA technologyModerna20221272023-09-20https:\/\/investors.modernatx.com\/news\/news-details\/2022\/IAVI-and-Moderna-Launch-Trial-of-HIV-Vaccine-Antigens-Delivered-Through-mRNA-Technology\/default.aspx"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"NIH launches clinical trial of three mRNA HIV vaccinesNational Institutes of Health20223142024-09-20https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/nih-launches-clinical-trial-three-mrna-hiv-vaccines"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7112e1"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Press releaseNobel Prize Outreach2023-10-04https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2023\/press-release\/"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01393-8"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"mRNA vaccine technology: a promising idea for fighting HIVNational Institute of Health20232202023-09-20https:\/\/covid1nih.gov\/news-and-stories\/mrna-vaccine-technology-promising-idea-fighting-hiv"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2404"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251605"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24435"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/tpp\/17-138"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.086"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.10.016"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/32814"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26627"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1157"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35937"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27116"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/43703"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4387"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002838"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"The world needs an HIV vaccineInternational AIDS Vaccine Initiative2024-03-15https:\/\/www.iavi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/iavi_fact_sheet_need-for-hiv-vaccine.pdf"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"AIDS and the sustainable development goalsUnited Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS2023-09-20https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/AIDS_SDGs"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Using XTwitter2024-09-20https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/using-x"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osnem.2021.100136"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"ChapekisASmithAHow U.S. adults on Twitter use the site in the Elon Musk eraPew Research Center202305172023-09-20https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2023\/05\/17\/how-us-adults-on-twitter-use-the-site-in-the-elon-musk-era\/"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2016.01.001"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510.2016.1265582"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211009504"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12160"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"About your For you timeline on XTwitter2023-09-20https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/using-twitter\/twitter-timeline"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929x.2021.1941259"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmr.10.0353"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022242919841034"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.908999"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506211000217"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691618774270"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21451"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24564"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibab128"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089177"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacun.2021.01.001"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617714579"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-021-00006-y"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12453"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"DottoCVaccine infertility claims on YouTube sweep across fringe platformsFirst Draft News202103242023-09-20https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/articles\/vaccine-infertility-claims-youtube-fringe\/"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"HameiLLopesLKirzingerASparksGStokesMBrodieMKFF COVID-19 vaccine monitor: media and misinformationKaiser Family Foundation20211182023-09-20https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/poll-finding\/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-media-and-misinformation\/"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047480613z.000000000142"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954x.2000.tb03520.x"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.055897"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040073"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Fact check: an Australian vaccine trial did not give trial participants HIVReuters202012182023-09-20https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSKBN28R2WM\/"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"COVID-19 vaccines do not cause HIV or AIDSReuters202202212023-09-20https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/factcheck-vaccines-hiv\/fact-check-covid-19-vaccines-do-not-cause-hiv-or-aids-idUSL1N2UW10H"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"GruzdANetlytic: software for automated text and social network analysisNetlytic20162023-09-20https:\/\/netlytic.org\/home\/?page_id=49"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6670"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"993","volume":"3","author":"Blei, DM","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2017.081052"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz106"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2014-002711"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2018.1430754"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/w14-3110"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14550"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"VADER-sentiment-analysisGitHub2023-09-20https:\/\/github.com\/cjhutto\/vaderSentiment"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02650487.2020.1824751"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2684822.2685324"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e23101301"},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"API documentationpyLDAvis2023-09-20https:\/\/pyldavis.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/modules\/API.html"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Horizon special: the vaccineBritish Broadcasting Corporation20212023-09-20https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/m000x2tf"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32156-5"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"KeletyJCOVID-19 vaccines don\u2019t contain HIVAP News202301302023-09-20https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/fact-check-coronavirus-vaccine-hiv-185375755407"},{"key":"ref73","unstructured":"DaviesCPrince Harry: get tested for HIV to protect others in same way as for CovidGuardian News and Media Limited202202102024-03-06https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2022\/feb\/10\/prince-harry-get-tested-for-hiv-to-protect-others-in-same-way-as-covid-diana-princess-of-wales"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abk1688"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"EpsteinRHLuc Montagnier, nobel-winning co-discoverer of H.I.V., dies at 89The New York Times20222102023-09-20https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/02\/10\/science\/luc-montagnier-dead.html"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpos.2021.642129"},{"key":"ref77","unstructured":"About suspended accountsTwitter2023-09-20https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/managing-your-account\/suspended-twitter-accounts"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250123"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e53375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:39:02Z","timestamp":1782841142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e53375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":78,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/53375","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.53375","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]}}}