{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:00:01Z","timestamp":1782842401278,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Pediatr Parent"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A smartphone app, Parent Positive, was developed to help parents manage their children\u2019s conduct and emotional problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. A randomized controlled trial, Supporting Parents and Kids Through Lockdown Experiences (SPARKLE), found Parent Positive to be effective in reducing children\u2019s emotional problems. However, app effectiveness may be influenced by a range of child, family, socioeconomic, and pandemic-related factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined whether baseline factors related to the child, family, and socioeconomic status, as well as pandemic-related disruption circumstances, moderated Parent Positive\u2019s effects on child conduct and emotional problems at 1- and 2-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a secondary exploratory analysis of SPARKLE data. The data set included 646 children (4-10 years of age) with parents randomized to either Parent Positive (n=320) or follow-up as usual (n=326). Candidate baseline moderators included child age, gender, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, parental psychological distress, family conflict, household income, employment status, household overcrowding, and pandemic-related disruption risk (ie, homeschooling, lockdown status, and isolation status). Child conduct and emotional problem outcomes measured at 1- (T2) and 2-months (T3) post randomization were analyzed using linear mixed-effects analysis of covariance models adjusting for baseline (T1) measure of outcome and including intervention and intervention by time point interaction terms allowing for different effects at the 2 time points. Moderation of intervention effects by baseline factors was assessed by replacing the intervention by time interaction terms with intervention by time point by baseline moderator interaction terms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child gender was a significant moderator of the Parent Positive versus follow-up as usual effect on emotional problems (B=0.72, 95% CI 0.12-1.33; P=.02). Specifically, the effect of Parent Positive was close to significant (T2: B=\u20130.41, 95% CI \u20130.82 to 0.0004; P=.05) or significant (T3: B=\u20130.76, 95% CI \u20131.22 to \u20130.30; P&lt;.001) in males only when compared with females, and males experienced a significantly larger reduction in emotional problems than females in the Parent Positive arm at the 2-month post randomization time point. None of the other investigated baseline factors moderated effects on emotional problems, and no factors moderated effects on conduct problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights Parent Positive\u2019s potential for effectively reducing emotional problems in primary school-aged male children across a wide range of families. However, due to limited variability in the demographic background of the families, cautious interpretation is required, and replications are necessary in diverse samples with longer follow-up times.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04786080; https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04786080<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/53864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T12:03:32Z","timestamp":1728389012000},"page":"e53864","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Moderators of the Effects of a Digital Parenting Intervention on Child Conduct and Emotional Problems Implemented During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results From a Secondary Analysis of Data From the Supporting Parents and Kids Through Lockdown Experiences (SPARKLE) Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4218-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Pokorna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Beckley-Hoelscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1658-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Shearer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0789-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kostyrka-Allchorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7333-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olly","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8458-7715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Slovak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7655-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crispin","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Byford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-8028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polly","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1889-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathy","family":"Creswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6996-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmund J S","family":"Sonuga-Barke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.021"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"BlissettWChurchJFergussonDLambieILangleyJPercivalTPoultonRStanleyPWebsterLWerryJConduct problems best practice report20092022-07-05https:\/\/researchspace.auckland.ac.nz\/handle\/2292\/9414"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v7.i1.9"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579404044530"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1695-2_539","author":"Levesque, RJR","year":"2011","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0404-6"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022620"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00177-2"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731517725184"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0401-2"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211065985"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18810"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05226-4"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/44079"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.10.877"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774513499651"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780199360345.001.0001","author":"Maric, M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Moderators and Mediators of Youth Treatment Outcomes"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-020-00330-4"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3310\/phr05100","volume":"5","author":"Gardner, F","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.07.004"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13138"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2016.04.004"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2016.08.002"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-018-0864-y"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.01.023"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-013-0431-5"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.769169"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcv2.12009"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1066"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"UK Data ServiceWelcome to the UK Data Service2024-08-13https:\/\/ukdataservice.ac.uk\/"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181985068"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-u"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503321903544"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13490"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"PokornaNSonuga-BarkeEJSPalmerMPearsonOKostyrka-AllchorneKCreswellCGoldsmithKBeckley-HoelscherNDayCByfordSShearerJSlovakPWaitePRobertsonOAre the effects of a digital parenting intervention on child conduct and emotional difficulties moderated by child and family baseline characteristics? Results from a secondary analysis of data from the SPARKLE randomised controlled trialOpen Science Framework20226302024-08-20https:\/\/osf.io\/6sgdk"},{"key":"ref39","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1981"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0233-x"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.09.436"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.07.006"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288882"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2020.1833337"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2005.00014.x"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.764"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-018-9906-2"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9070-6"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"49","author":"Chaplin, TM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Development of Psychopathology: A Vulnerability-Stress Perspective"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511628191.003","author":"Brody, LR","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030737"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04506-3"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12070991"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000500"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30308-4"}],"container-title":["JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pediatrics.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e53864","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:39:58Z","timestamp":1782841198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pediatrics.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e53864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/53864","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-6722"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-6722","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]}}}