{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:02:47Z","timestamp":1782842567134,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Dementia is a growing global health challenge with significant economic and social implications. Underdiagnosis of dementia is prevalent due to a lack of knowledge and understanding among the general population. Enhancing dementia literacy through improved health information\u2013seeking behavior is crucial for the self-determined management of the disease by those affected. Understanding the relationship between dementia literacy, health information\u2013seeking behavior, and the use of various information sources among individuals with cognitive impairment is of high importance in this context.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to analyze the relevance of different sources of health information from the perspective of people with cognitive impairment, while also evaluating differences based on age, gender, and disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This study is part of the ongoing project \u201cDigital Dementia Registry Bavaria \u2013 digiDEM Bayern.\u201d The Digital Dementia Registry Bavaria is a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal register study in Bavaria, Germany. People with cognitive impairment rated several information sources by using Likert scales with the values unimportant (1) to very important (5). Data were analyzed descriptively, and multiple 2-sample, 2-tailed\n t<\/jats:italic>\n tests were used to evaluate differences by cognitive status and gender and using multiple one-way ANOVA to evaluate differences by age group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Data of 924 people with cognitive impairment (531 with dementia, 393 with mild cognitive impairment) were evaluated. The most relevant health information sources were \u201cPersonal visit to a medical professional\u201d (mean 3.9, SD 1.1) and \u201cFamily \/ Friends\u201d (mean 3.9, SD 1.2). \u201cInternet\u201d was 1 of the 2 lowest-rated information sources by people with cognitive impairment (mean 1.6, SD 1.1), with nearly three-quarters (684\/924, 74%) of the participants rating the source as unimportant. The age-specific analyses showed significant differences for the sources \u201cInternet\u201d (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n 2,921<\/jats:sub>\n =61.23;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001), \u201cCourses \/ Lectures\u201d (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n 2,921<\/jats:sub>\n =18.88;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001), and \u201cFamily \/ Friends\u201d (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n 2,921<\/jats:sub>\n =6.27;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.002) for the 3 defined age groups. There were several significant differences between people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia whereby the first group evaluated most sources higher, such as \u201cInternet\u201d (mean difference=0.6;\n t<\/jats:italic>\n 640<\/jats:sub>\n =7.52;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001). The only sources rated higher by the dementia group were \u201cTV \/ Radio\u201d and \u201cFamily \/ Friends,\u201d with none of them showing significant differences. Gender-specific analyses showed women with cognitive impairment valuing every evaluated source higher than men apart from \u201cInternet\u201d (mean difference=0.4;\n t<\/jats:italic>\n 685<\/jats:sub>\n =4.97;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n To enhance health and dementia literacy, the best way to communicate health information to people with cognitive impairment is through interpersonal contact with medical professionals and their friends and family. Slight changes in valuation should be considered as the medical condition progresses, along with variations by age and gender. In particular, the evaluation and use of the internet are dependent on these factors. Further research is needed to capture potential changes in the valuation of the internet as a health information source.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/54460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T01:37:11Z","timestamp":1728956231000},"page":"e54460-e54460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using Health Information Resources for People With Cognitive Impairment (digiDEM Bayern): Registry-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8422-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Weidinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5820-3738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolas","family":"Dietzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmar","family":"Graessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6200-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Ulrich","family":"Prokosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7168-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kolominsky-Rabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Gauthier S Rosa-Neto P Morais JA Webster C . World Alzheimer Report 2021: Journey Through the Diagnosis of Dementia. Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International; 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Nichols","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12901","article-title":"The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019","volume":"19","author":"Wimo","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"21","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33158014","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218134","article-title":"Dementia literacy and willingness to dementia screening","volume":"17","author":"Aihara","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"The HLS19 Consortium of the WHO Action Network M-POHL. International report on the methodology, results, and recommendations of the european health literacy population survey 2019-2021 (HLS19) of M-POHL. Austrian National Public Health Institute: Vienna; 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/15.3.259","article-title":"Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century","volume":"15","author":"Nutbeam","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.03.011","article-title":"Dementia literacy: recognition and beliefs on dementia of the Australian public","volume":"5","author":"Low","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-80","article-title":"Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models","volume":"12","author":"S\u00f8rensen","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2018.1511658","article-title":"Health literacy and use and trust in health information","volume":"23","author":"Chen","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/hir.12287","article-title":"Health information seeking behaviour: a concept analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zimmerman","journal-title":"Health Info Libr J"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"EU citizens: over half seek health information online. Eurostat. 2022. URL: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/en\/web\/products-eurostat-news\/-\/edn-20220406-1 [Accessed 22-08-2023]"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"The most recent time you looked for information about health or medical topics, where did you go first?- HINTS 5 cycle 3. National Cancer Institute Health Information National Trends Survey. 2019. URL: https:\/\/hints.cancer.gov\/view-questions\/question-detail.aspx?PK_Cycle=12&qid=688 [Accessed 22-08-2023]"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Rossmann C Lampert C Stehr P Grimm M . Nutzung Und Verbreitung von Gesundheitsinformationen: Ein Literatur\u00fcberblick Zu Theoretischen Ans\u00e4tzen Und Empirischen Befunden. Use and Dissemination of Health Information: A Literature Review of Theoretical Approaches and Empirical Findings. Bertelsmann Stiftung; 2018. [doi: 10.11586\/2017051]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2019.1644336","article-title":"Why do we want health information? the goals associated with health information seeking (GAINS) questionnaire","volume":"35","author":"Chasiotis","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"issue":"151-8","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.01.028","article-title":"Gaps in knowledge: tracking and explaining gender differences in health information seeking","volume":"128","author":"Manierre","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2014.987940","article-title":"Examining the relationships between resources and online health information seeking among patients with chronic diseases and healthy people","volume":"54","author":"Oh","journal-title":"Soc Work Health Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043473","article-title":"Digital Dementia Registry Bavaria-digiDEM Bayern: study protocol for a multicentre, prospective, longitudinal register study","volume":"11","author":"Dietzel","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731286","article-title":"Designing and implementing an IT architecture for a digital multicenter dementia registry: digiDEM Bayern","volume":"12","author":"Reichold","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-alzheimer\u2019s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"3","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1067550","article-title":"Das Internet als Informationsquelle f\u00fcr pflegende Angeh\u00f6rige eines Demenzpatienten. The internet as an information source for informal caregivers of dementia patients","volume":"36","author":"Gr\u00e4\u00dfel","journal-title":"Psychiat Prax"},{"issue":"2","key":"R24","volume":"4","author":"Lausen","journal-title":"GMS Med Inform Biometr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12131","article-title":"When to use the Bonferroni correction","volume":"34","author":"Armstrong","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783","article-title":"Statistical power analysis","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517554","article-title":"Barriers to online dementia information and mitigation","volume":"2022","author":"Dixon","journal-title":"Proc SIGCHI Conf Hum Factor Comput Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35072","article-title":"The human need for equilibrium: qualitative study on the ingenuity, technical competency, and changing strategies of people with dementia seeking health information","volume":"24","author":"Dixon","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15099","article-title":"Lifestyle segmentation to explain the online health information-seeking behavior of older adults: representative telephone survey","volume":"22","author":"Weber","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-020-03253-1","article-title":"Gesundheitsinformationsverhalten 65+: Erreichbarkeit \u00e4lterer Zielgruppen. Health seeking behavior 65+: reaching older target groups","volume":"64","author":"Stehr","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"issue":"9","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-020-03192-x","article-title":"Wie informieren sich die Menschen in Deutschland zum Thema Gesundheit? erkenntnisse aus der ersten Welle von HINTS Germany. How do people in Germany seek health information? insights from the first wave of HINTS Germany","volume":"63","author":"Baumann","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"issue":"3","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131895","article-title":"Do patients with mild cognitive impairment understand numerical health information?","volume":"40","author":"Pertl","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Reissmann M Oswald V Zank S Tesch-R\u00f6mer C Cologne Center for Ethics, Rights, Economics, and Social Sciences of Health (ceres). Digitale Teilhabe in der Hochaltrigkeit (D80+ Kurzberichte, 6). Digital participation in very old age (D80+ abridged reports, 6). Social Science Open Access Repository. 2022. URL: https:\/\/nbn-resolving.org\/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-78429-7 [Accessed 07-10-2024]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-018-0617-5","article-title":"From internet access to internet skills: digital inequality among older adults","volume":"18","author":"Hargittai","journal-title":"Univ Access Inf Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012221079477","article-title":"The use of digital technologies by people with mild-to-moderate dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a positive technology perspective","volume":"21","author":"Talbot","journal-title":"Dementia (London)"},{"key":"R36","unstructured":"Horch K Jordan S . Sachbericht zur studie \"Kommunikation und Information im Gesundheitswesen aus Sicht der Bev\u00f6lkerung. patientensicherheit und informierte Entscheidung\" (KomPaS). Report on the study \"Communication and information in the healthcare system from the perspective of the population. patient safety and informed decision making\" (KomPaS). Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit. 2019. URL: https:\/\/www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de\/fileadmin\/Dateien\/5_Publikationen\/Praevention\/abschlussbericht\/2019-08-01_Sachbericht_KomPaS.pdf [Accessed 22-08-2023]"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.09.012","article-title":"Social brain, social dysfunction and social withdrawal","volume":"97","author":"Porcelli","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e54460","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:41:13Z","timestamp":1782841273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e54460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/54460","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"article-number":"v9i2e54460"}}