{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:45:19Z","timestamp":1787024719921,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Urinary incontinence (UI) is a series of clinical episodes featuring involuntary urine leakage. UI affects people in terms of their physical, emotional, and cognitive functioning, and the negative perceptions and impact on patients are not fully understood. In addition, the true demand for the treatment of UI and related issues is yet to be revealed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study is to examine the online search trend, user demand, and encyclopedia content quality related to UI on a national and regional scale on Baidu search, the major search engine in Mainland China.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The Baidu Index was queried using UI-related terms for the period from January 2011 to August 2023. The search volume for each term was recorded to analyze the search trend and demographic distributions. For user interest, the demand graph data and trend data were collected and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Three search topics were identified with the 18 available UI search keywords. The total Baidu search index for all UI topics was 11,472,745. The annual percent changes (APCs) for the topic Complaint were 1.7% (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05) from 2011-2021 and \u22127.9% (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05) from 2021-2023, and the average annual percent change (AAPC) was 0.1% (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05). For the topic Inquiry, the APCs were 16% (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05) from 2011 to 2016, \u221227.00% from 2016 to 2019, and 21.2% (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05) from 2019 to 2023, with an AAPC of 4.8%. Regarding the topic of Treatment, the APC was 20.3% from 2011-2018 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05), \u221236.9% from 2018-2021 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n >.05), and 2.2% from 2021-2023, with a \u22120.4% overall AAPC. The age distribution of the population of each UI search topic inquiry shows that the search inquiries for each topic were mainly made by the population aged 30 to 39 years. People from the eastern part of China made up around 30% of each search query.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Web-based searching for UI topics has been continuous and traceable since January 2011. Different categorized themes within the UI topic highlight specific demands from various populations, necessitating tailored responses. Although online platforms can offer answers, medical professionals\u2019 involvement is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/55670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T05:35:27Z","timestamp":1742535327000},"page":"e55670-e55670","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Internet Health Information\u2013Seeking Trend of Urinary Incontinence in Mainland China: Infodemiology Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangquan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3916-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingxing","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0157-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiongbing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5033-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haichao","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5299-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-9924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanzun","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3123-4","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Bo","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CPAA.S289323","article-title":"Pharmacological management of urinary incontinence: current and emerging treatment","volume":"13","author":"Gandi","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.07.014","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence among male and female competitors and recreational CrossFit practitioners","volume":"276","author":"Dominguez-Antu\u00f1a","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-020-00735-x","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of urinary incontinence in women living in China: a literature review","volume":"20","author":"Xue","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1024\/1661-8157\/a002297","article-title":"Male urinary incontinence--a taboo issue","volume":"105","author":"Kozomara-Hocke","journal-title":"Praxis (Bern 1994)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000829","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence among elderly adults in rural China: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"49","author":"Luo","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2014.20.2.130","article-title":"Economic burden of urgency urinary incontinence in the United States: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Coyne","journal-title":"J Manag Care Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.08.031","article-title":"Global prevalence and economic burden of urgency urinary incontinence: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Milsom","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12164","article-title":"Comorbidities and personal burden of urgency urinary incontinence: a systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Coyne","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12206","article-title":"The burden of urgency urinary incontinence on health and wellbeing","volume":"67","author":"Osman","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19439","article-title":"A mobile app for self-management of urgency and mixed urinary incontinence in women: randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Wadensten","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"19-20","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-011-0013-0","article-title":"The greatest taboo: urinary incontinence as a source of shame and embarrassment","volume":"123","author":"Elenskaia","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.10.005","article-title":"Prevalence, social impact and help-seeking behaviour among women with urinary incontinence in the Gulf countries: a systematic review","volume":"266","author":"Hammad","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1743-x","article-title":"The iceberg of health care utilization in women with urinary incontinence","volume":"23","author":"Minassian","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"52","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2022.237","article-title":"Infodemiology: the science studying infodemic and inforus","volume":"4","author":"Gao","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"9","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(02)01473-0","article-title":"Infodemiology: the epidemiology of (mis)information","volume":"113","author":"Eysenbach","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47983","article-title":"An analysis of public perception and concern toward electronic cigarettes: exploring attitudes and profiles","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076211070454","article-title":"Online public attention of COVID-19 vaccination in Mainland China","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04474-0","article-title":"Google searches for stress urinary incontinence treatment options: a worldwide trend analysis in the synthetic mesh controversy era","volume":"41","author":"Gu\u00e9rin","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23897","article-title":"The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction","volume":"38","author":"D\u2019Ancona","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"8","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30271","article-title":"Online public attention toward premature ejaculation in Mainland China: infodemiology study using the Baidu index","volume":"23","author":"Wei","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.12.024","article-title":"Systematic review of the quality of patient information on the internet regarding inflammatory bowel disease treatments","volume":"8","author":"Langille","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R23","unstructured":"SEER*Stat trends exercise 1a: examine trends in rates. National Cancer Institute. 2021. URL: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/seerstat\/tutorials\/trends1a\/webprint [Accessed 01-05-2025]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2006.00528.x","article-title":"Estimating average annual percent change for disease rates without assuming constant change","volume":"62","author":"Fay","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"R25","unstructured":"Trend algorithms (for percent change and annual percent change). National Cancer Institute. URL: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/seerstat\/WebHelp\/Trend_Algorithms.htm [Accessed 01-05-2025]"},{"issue":"7","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27029","article-title":"Using search trends to analyze web-based interest in lower urinary tract symptoms-related inquiries, diagnoses, and treatments in Mainland China: infodemiology study of Baidu index data","volume":"23","author":"Wei","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuroe.2023.01.007","article-title":"Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes for female urinary incontinence rehabilitation","volume":"47","author":"Frutos-Reoyo","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.05.012","article-title":"European Association of Urology guidelines on male urinary incontinence","volume":"82","author":"Gacci","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.01.045","article-title":"European Association of Urology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of female non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms. Part 1: diagnostics, overactive bladder, stress urinary incontinence, and mixed urinary incontinence","volume":"82","author":"Nambiar","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0467-1","article-title":"Evaluation of the content quality of websites for recurrent aphthous ulcers and oral lichen planus","volume":"17","author":"Hu","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3644-0","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perspectives on urethral bulk injection therapy and mid-urethral sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence","volume":"29","author":"Casteleijn","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pogacar FA Ghenai A Smucker MD Clarke CLA . The positive and negative influence of search results on people\u2019s decisions about the efficacy of medical treatments. Presented at: ICTIR \u201917; Oct 1-4, 2017; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2017.[doi: 10.1145\/3121050.3121074]","DOI":"10.1145\/3121050.3121074"},{"issue":"1","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10677","article-title":"Association between cancer incidence and mortality in web-based data in China: infodemiology study","volume":"21","author":"Xu","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21143","article-title":"Cross-country comparison of public awareness, rumors, and behavioral responses to the COVID-19 epidemic: infodemiology study","volume":"22","author":"Hou","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S245822","article-title":"Use of Baidu index to track Chinese online behavior and interest in kidney stones","volume":"13","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20210259","article-title":"Prevalence and impacts of male urinary incontinence on quality of life, mental health, work limitation, and health care seeking in China, Taiwan, and South Korea (LUTS Asia): results from a cross-sectional, population-based study","volume":"63","author":"Cheng","journal-title":"Investig Clin Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.01.044","article-title":"European Association of Urology guidelines on the management of female non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms. Part 2: Underactive bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, and nocturia","volume":"82","author":"Arlandis","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030496","article-title":"Sociodemographic disparities and parity in relation to urinary incontinence: a nationwide primary healthcare cohort study (1997-2018)","volume":"11","author":"Sundqvist","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-03906-z","article-title":"Is the belief that urinary incontinence is normal for ageing related to older Canadian women\u2019s experience of urinary incontinence?","volume":"30","author":"Shaw","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"7","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22461","article-title":"The individual determinants of care-seeking among middle-aged women reporting urinary incontinence: analysis of a 2273-woman cohort","volume":"33","author":"Fritel","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"Special Edition","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.22547\/BER\/8.SE.5","article-title":"The relationship between internet usage, socioeconomic status, subjective health and social status","volume":"8","author":"Khan","journal-title":"BER"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2004.02.011","article-title":"Socio-economic status of the patient and doctor-patient communication: does it make a difference?","volume":"56","author":"Willems","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.690182","article-title":"Attitudes toward health, healthcare, and eHealth of people with a low socioeconomic status: a community-based participatory approach","volume":"3","author":"Faber","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0154","article-title":"Women as health care decision-makers: implications for health care coverage in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Matoff-Stepp","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"4","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20224","article-title":"Neurological diseases that cause detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractile function","volume":"25","author":"Yamamoto","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"6","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1996)15:6<599::AID-NAU2>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of urinary incontinence in nursing home women: prevalence and a proposed solution","volume":"15","author":"Resnick","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"10","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005654.pub4","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women","volume":"10","author":"Dumoulin","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2014.960831","article-title":"Effect of home-based Kegel exercises on quality of life in women with stress and mixed urinary incontinence","volume":"35","author":"Cavkaytar","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/37339","article-title":"Evaluation of medical information on male sexual dysfunction on Baidu Encyclopedia and Wikipedia: comparative study","volume":"24","author":"Ma","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17680","article-title":"Evaluation of the liver disease information in Baidu Encyclopedia and Wikipedia: longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"Sun","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-021-04776-0","article-title":"Readability and quality of Wikipedia articles on pelvic floor disorders","volume":"32","author":"Handler","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e55670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:43:48Z","timestamp":1782841428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e55670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/55670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"article-number":"v9i2e55670"}}