{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:46:28Z","timestamp":1789029988031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The integration of wearable technology for heart rate monitoring offers potential advancements in managing hyperthyroidism by providing a feasible way to track thyroid function. Although digital health solutions are gaining traction in various chronic conditions, their cost-effectiveness in hyperthyroidism management requires deeper investigation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a wearable or mobile-based thyroid function digital monitoring solution for hyperthyroidism management and to make a comparison with the existing standard approach within the South Korean health care context.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We developed a decision-analytic Markov microsimulation model to simulate the cost and effectiveness of digital monitoring in a cohort of 10,000 hypothetical hyperthyroidism patients aged 40 years. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of the health care system, with a 4.5% annual discount rate applied to costs and effectiveness and an inflation adjustment to 2022 values. Model inputs were sourced from clinical studies, publicly available datasets, and expert input, with outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Cost-effectiveness was evaluated through incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and net monetary benefits (NMB), with additional deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses performed to address input uncertainties.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Integrating digital monitoring yielded an additional 0.32 QALYs per patient at an incremental cost of US $3143, resulting in an ICER of US $9804.30 per QALY, significantly below the South Korean willingness-to-pay threshold of US $32,255\/QALY. The digitally supported group exhibited improved rates of long-term remission (22.68%, 2268\/10,000) and reduced postremission relapse (17.87%, 1787\/10,000) compared to standard care (17.48%, 1748\/10,000 and 26.37%, 2637\/10,000, respectively). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that digital intervention was the preferred cost-effective strategy in 64.4% (6440\/10,000) of iterations. Subscription costs of the digital platform and the utility weight for thyroid-associated orbitopathy emerged as key factors affecting the ICER in sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The findings suggest that digital monitoring provides a cost-effective strategy for enhancing hyperthyroidism management, supporting sustained remission, and reducing relapse rates. As such, digital solutions could serve as a valuable adjunct to traditional care, with the cost-effectiveness analysis providing an economic basis for determining pricing and value-based reimbursement in health care systems. The study underscores the importance of integrating digital solutions in chronic disease management and suggests that further research should include societal costs, such as productivity, to capture economic benefits fully.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/56738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T19:10:52Z","timestamp":1753211452000},"page":"e56738-e56738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Digital Software Support Platform for Hyperthyroidism Management in South Korea: Markov Simulation Model-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4248-3760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyong","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1507-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man S","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6327-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Hoon","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510030","article-title":"Graves\u2019 Disease","volume":"375","author":"Smith","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2023.1684","article-title":"Prevalence, treatment status, and comorbidities of hyperthyroidism in Korea from 2003 to 2018: a nationwide population study","volume":"38","author":"Ahn","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.12.001","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis","volume":"32","author":"Devereaux","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics3020282","article-title":"Wearable photoplethysmographic sensors\u2014past and present","volume":"3","author":"Tamura","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2015.05.005","article-title":"Human photoplethysmogram: new insight into chaotic characteristics","volume":"77","author":"Sviridova","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"issue":"3","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.7043","article-title":"Estimating accuracy at exercise intensities: a comparative study of self-monitoring heart rate and physical activity wearable devices","volume":"5","author":"Dooley","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.3340","article-title":"Accuracy of wrist-worn heart rate monitors","volume":"2","author":"Wang","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.9884","article-title":"Clinical feasibility of monitoring resting heart rate using a wearable activity tracker in patients with thyrotoxicosis: prospective longitudinal observational study","volume":"6","author":"Lee","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"5","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1216","article-title":"Association between thyroid function and heart rate monitored by wearable devices in patients with hypothyroidism","volume":"36","author":"Kim","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2013.28.4.275","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism in Korea: consensus report of the Korean Thyroid Association","volume":"28","author":"Moon","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Drummond MF Sculpher MJ Claxton K et al. 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