{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:17:20Z","timestamp":1786947440676,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Overdose deaths continue to reach new records in New York City and nationwide, largely driven by adulterants such as fentanyl and xylazine in the illicit drug supply. Unknowingly consuming adulterated substances dramatically increases risks of overdose and other health problems, especially when individuals consume multiple adulterants and are exposed to a combination of drugs they did not intend to take. Although test strips and more sophisticated devices enable people to check drugs for adulterants including fentanyl and xylazine prior to consumption and are often available free of charge, many people who use drugs decline to use them.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n We sought to better understand why people in the New York City area do or do not check drugs before use. We plan to use study findings to inform the development of technology-based interventions to encourage consistent drug checking.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In summer 2023, team members who have experience working with people who use drugs conducted 22 semistructured qualitative interviews with a convenience sample of people who reported illicit drug use within the past 90 days. An interview guide examined participants\u2019 knowledge of and experience with adulterants including fentanyl, xylazine, and benzodiazepines; using drug testing strips; and whether they had ever received harm reduction services. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for emerging themes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Most participants lacked knowledge of adulterants, and only a few reported regularly checking drugs. Reasons for not checking included lacking convenient access to test supplies, or a place to check samples out of the public\u2019s view, as well as time considerations. Some participants also reported a strong belief that they were not at risk from fentanyl, xylazine, or other adulterants because they exclusively used cocaine or crack, or that they were confident the people they bought drugs from would not sell them adulterated substances. Those who did report testing their drugs described positive interactions with harm reduction agency staff.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n New forms of outreach are needed not only to increase people\u2019s knowledge of adulterated substances and awareness of the increasing risks they pose but also to encourage people who use drugs to regularly check their substances prior to use. This includes new intervention messages that highlight the importance of drug checking in the context of a rapidly changing and volatile drug supply. This messaging can potentially help normalize drug checking as an easily enacted behavior that benefits public health. To increase effectiveness, messages can be developed with, and outreach can be conducted by, trusted community members including people who use drugs and, potentially, people who sell drugs. Pairing this messaging with access to no-cost drug-checking supplies and equipment may help address the ongoing spiral of increased overdose deaths nationwide.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/56755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T12:45:22Z","timestamp":1720010722000},"page":"e56755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Barriers to, and Facilitators of, Checking Drugs for Adulterants in the Era of Fentanyl and Xylazine: Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2238-3810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian David","family":"Aronson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6197-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary-Andr\u00e9e","family":"Ardouin-Guerrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5032-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Esteban","family":"Baus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex S","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"426","key":"ref1","first-page":"1","author":"Hedegaard, H","year":"2021","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00879-7"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"CDCProvisional drug overdose death countsVital Statistics Rapid Release 20222022-11-09https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug-overdose-data.htm"},{"key":"ref4","author":"Askari, MS","year":"2021","journal-title":"Unintentional Drug Poisoning (Overdose) Deaths"},{"key":"ref5","author":"Health, N","year":"2022","journal-title":"NYC Epi Data Brief"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6935a1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104154"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103933"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001132"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Xylazine: what clinicians need to knowDepartment of Health20232024-06-05New YorkNew York State Department of Healthhttps:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/publications\/12044.pdf"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2022.100074"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7235a3"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00882-y"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7226a4"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7034a2"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Biden-Harris administration designates fentanyl combined with xylazine as an emerging threat to the United StatesONDCP20232023-09-23https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/4df8n5ap"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103147"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0213-2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.003"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104206"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Rapid response xylazine test strips - 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