{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:46:49Z","timestamp":1782845209075,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Biomed Eng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implantable medical devices (IMDs), such as pacemakers, increasingly communicate wirelessly with external devices. To secure this wireless communication channel, a pairing process is needed to bootstrap a secret key between the devices. Previous work has proposed pairing approaches that often adopt a \u201cseamless\u201d design and render the pairing process imperceptible to patients. This lack of user perception can significantly compromise security and pose threats to patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to explore the use of highly perceptible vibrations for pairing with IMDs and aim to propose a novel technique that leverages the natural randomness in human motor behavior as a shared source of entropy for pairing, potentially deployable to current IMD products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A proof of concept was developed to demonstrate the proposed technique. A wearable prototype was built to simulate an individual acting as an IMD patient (real patients were not involved to avoid potential risks), and signal processing algorithms were devised to use accelerometer readings for facilitating secure pairing with an IMD. The technique was thoroughly evaluated in terms of accuracy, security, and usability through a lab study involving 24 participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our proposed pairing technique achieves high pairing accuracy, with a zero false acceptance rate (indicating low risks from adversaries) and a false rejection rate of only 0.6% (1\/192; suggesting that legitimate users will likely experience very few failures). Our approach also offers robust security, which passes the National Institute of Standards and Technology statistical tests (with all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      values &gt;.01). Moreover, our technique has high usability, evidenced by an average System Usability Scale questionnaire score of 73.6 (surpassing the standard benchmark of 68 for \u201cgood usability\u201d) and insights gathered from the interviews. Furthermore, the entire pairing process can be efficiently completed within 5 seconds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vibration can be used to realize secure, usable, and deployable pairing in the context of IMDs. Our method also exhibits advantages over previous approaches, for example, lenient requirements on the sensing capabilities of IMDs and the synchronization between the IMD and the external device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/57091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:19:14Z","timestamp":1756217954000},"page":"e57091-e57091","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using Vibration for Secure Pairing With Implantable Medical Devices: Development and Usability Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-9088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8213-6582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaofan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4413-2497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Oswald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8271-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toby","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1632-497X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2804-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilis","family":"Kostakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Global number of pacemakers in 2016 and a forecast for 2023. Statista. 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/800794\/pacemakers [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2008.16","article-title":"Security and privacy for implantable medical devices","volume":"7","author":"Halperin","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin E Singel\u00e9e D Garcia FD Chothia T Willems R Preneel B . On the (in)security of the latest generation implantable cardiac defibrillators and how to secure them. Presented at: ACSAC \u201916: 2016 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference; Dec 5-8, 2016; Los Angeles, California, USA. [doi: 10.1145\/2991079.2991094]","DOI":"10.1145\/2991079.2991094"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin E Singel\u00e9e D Yang B Verbauwhede I Preneel B . On the feasibility of cryptography for a wireless insulin pump system. Presented at: CODASPY\u201916: Sixth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy; Mar 9-11, 2016; New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. [doi: 10.1145\/2857705.2857746]","DOI":"10.1145\/2857705.2857746"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin E Singel\u00e9e D Yang B et al. Securing wireless neurostimulators. Presented at: CODASPY \u201918: Eighth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy; Mar 19-21, 2018; Tempe, AZ, USA. [doi: 10.1145\/3176258.3176310]","DOI":"10.1145\/3176258.3176310"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Reverberi L Oswald D . Breaking (and fixing) a widely used continuous glucose monitoring system. Presented at: 11th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies; Aug 14-15, 2017; Vancouver, Canada."},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Daemen J Rijmen V . AES proposal: Rijndael. CMU School of Computer Science. 1999. URL: https:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/afs\/cs\/project\/pscico-guyb\/realworld\/www\/docs\/rijndael.pdf [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"issue":"12","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/35.968817","article-title":"An overview of the Bluetooth wireless technology","volume":"39","author":"Bisdikian","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2020-0076","article-title":"Syncope in patients with cardiac pacemakers","volume":"36","author":"Rocha","journal-title":"Braz J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Adams C Lloyd S . Understanding PKI: Concepts, Standards, and Deployment Considerations. Addison-Wesley Professional; 2003. ISBN: 0672323915"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang M Marin E Oswald D Singel\u00e9e D . FuzzyKey: comparing fuzzy cryptographic primitives on resource-constrained devices. In: Grosso V P\u00f6ppelmann T , editors. In Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications. Springer International Publishing; 2022:289-309.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97348-3_16"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rushanan M Rubin AD Kune DF Swanson CM . SoK: security and privacy in implantable medical devices and body area networks. In: 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE; 2014:524-539. [doi: 10.1109\/SP.2014.40]","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2014.40"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen KB Castelluccia C Heydt-Benjamin TS Capkun S . Proximity-based access control for implantable medical devices. Presented at: CCS \u201909; Nov 9-13, 2009; Chicago, Illinois, USA. [doi: 10.1145\/1653662.1653712]","DOI":"10.1145\/1653662.1653712"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomlinson WJ Banou S Yu C Nogueira M Chowdhury KR . Secure on-skin biometric signal transmission using galvanic coupling. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2019 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE; 2019:1135-1143. [doi: 10.1109\/INFOCOM.2019.8737540]","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2019.8737540"},{"key":"R15","unstructured":"Denning T Fu K Kohno.2008 T . Absence makes the heart grow fonder: new directions for implantable medical device security. Presented at: HOTSEC\u201908: Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Hot topics in security; Jul 29, 2008; San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollakota S Hassanieh H Ransford B Katabi D Fu K . They can hear your heartbeats: non-invasive security for implantable medical devices. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2011 Conference. Association for Computing Machinery; 2011:2-13. [doi: 10.1145\/2018436.2018438]","DOI":"10.1145\/2018436.2018438"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin Q Xu W Liu J et al. H2B: heartbeat-based secret key generation using piezo vibration sensors. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. Association for Computing Machinery; 2019:265-276. [doi: 10.1145\/3302506.3310406]","DOI":"10.1145\/3302506.3310406"},{"issue":"4","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.1632652","article-title":"A novel biometrics method to secure wireless body area sensor networks for telemedicine and m-health","volume":"44","author":"Poon","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostami M Juels A Koushanfar F . Heart-to-heart (H2H): authentication for implanted medical devices. In: Proceedings of Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Association for Computing Machinery; 2013:1099-1112. [doi: 10.1145\/2508859.2516658]","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516658"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin E Argones R\u00faa E Singel\u00e9e D Preneel B . On the difficulty of using patient\u2019s physiological signals in cryptographic protocols. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies. Association for Computing Machinery; 2019:113-122. [doi: 10.1145\/3322431.3325099]","DOI":"10.1145\/3322431.3325099"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierks T Allen C . The TLS protocol version 1.0. The Internet Society; 1999.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2246"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00011","article-title":"Psychophysical model for vibrotactile rendering in mobile devices","author":"Ryu","journal-title":"Presence (Camb)"},{"key":"R23","unstructured":"Rate response feature. Medtronic. 2016. URL: https:\/\/www.medtronicacademy.com\/features\/rate-response-rr-feature [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"key":"R24","unstructured":"Pacing & defibrillation. Cardiocases. URL: https:\/\/www.cardiocases.com\/en\/pacingdefibrillation [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01559-y","article-title":"Pacemaker detected active minutes are superior to pedometer-based step counts in measuring the response to physical activity counseling in sedentary older adults","volume":"20","author":"Puppala","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim Y Lee WS Raghunathan V Jha NK Raghunathan A . Vibration-based secure side channel for medical devices. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Design Automation Conference. Association for Computing Machinery; 2015:1-6. [doi: 10.1145\/2744769.2744928]","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744928"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee K Raghunathan V Raghunathan A Kim Y . SYNCVIBE: fast and secure device pairing through physical vibration on commodity smartphones. In: 2018 IEEE 36th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD. IEEE; 2018:234-241. [doi: 10.1109\/ICCD.2018.00043]","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCD.2018.00043"},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Roy N Choudhury RR . Ripple {II}: faster communication through physical vibration. Presented at: 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation; Apr 2-5, 2013; Lombard, IL, USA."},{"key":"R29","unstructured":"Roy N Gowda M Choudhury RR . Ripple: communicating through physical vibration. Presented at: 12th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation; Apr 25-27, 2012; San Jose."},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena N Uddin MB Voris J . Treat\u2019em like other devices: user authentication of multiple personal RFID tags. In: SOUPS. Vol 9. 2009:1-1. [doi: 10.1145\/1572532.1572573]","DOI":"10.1145\/1572532.1572573"},{"issue":"11","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2809736","article-title":"Resonance-Based Secure Pairing for Wearables","volume":"17","author":"Wang","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Mobile Comput"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao R Mayer S Harrison C . VibroComm: using commodity gyroscopes for vibroacoustic data reception. Presented at: MobileHCI \u201920; Oct 5-8, 2020; Oldenburg, Germany. [doi: 10.1145\/3379503.3403540]","DOI":"10.1145\/3379503.3403540"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena N Uddin MB Voris J Asokan N . Vibrate-to-unlock: mobile phone assisted user authentication to multiple personal RFID tags. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom). IEEE; 2011:181-188. [doi: 10.1109\/PERCOM.2011.5767583]","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2011.5767583"},{"issue":"9","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.02.028","article-title":"The in vivo assessment of mechanical loadings on pectoral pacemaker implants","volume":"43","author":"de Vaal","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814551045","article-title":"The impact of accelerometer use in exercise-associated hypoglycemia prevention in type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Stenerson","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296813516208","article-title":"The impact of accelerometer and heart rate data on hypoglycemia mitigation in type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Stenerson","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2016.01.001","article-title":"Optimising sampling rates for accelerometer-based human activity recognition","volume":"73","author":"Khan","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"issue":"14","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2010.02.001","article-title":"Vibration transmissibility characteristics of the human hand\u2013arm system under different postures, hand forces and excitation levels","volume":"329","author":"Adewusi","journal-title":"J Sound Vib"},{"issue":"6","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1051\/meca\/2014060","article-title":"Modal parameters of the human hand-arm using finite element and operational modal analysis","volume":"15","author":"Adewusi","journal-title":"Mechanics & Industry"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halperin D Heydt-Benjamin TS Ransford B et al. Pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators: software radio attacks and zero-power defenses. Presented at: 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 129-142. 2008.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2008.31"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"Schechter S . Security that is meant to be skin deep: using ultraviolet micropigmentation to store emergency-access keys for implantable medical devices. Presented at: 1st USENIX Workshop on Health Security and Privacy; Aug 10, 2010; Washington, DC."},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz J Ostrovsky R Yung M . Forward secrecy in password-only key exchange protocols. In: International Conference on Security in Communication Networks. Springer; 2002:29-44. [doi: 10.1007\/3-540-36413-7_3]","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36413-7_3"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X Zeng Q Luo L Luo T . T2Pair: secure and usable pairing for heterogeneous iot devices. In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Association for Computing Machinery; 2020:309-323. [doi: 10.1145\/3372297.3417286]","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3417286"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellovin SM Merritt M . Encrypted key exchange: password-based protocols secure against dictionary attacks. Presented at: CCS93: 1st ACM Conference on Communications and Computing Security; Nov 3-5, 1993; Fairfax, Virginia, USA. [doi: 10.1145\/168588.168618]","DOI":"10.1145\/168588.168618"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han J Chung AJ Sinha MK et al. Do you feel what i hear? Enabling autonomous iot device pairing using different sensor types. In: 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE; 2018:836-852. [doi: 10.1109\/SP.2018.00041]","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00041"},{"key":"R46","unstructured":"Introduction. CMSIS. 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.keil.com\/pack\/doc\/CMSIS\/DSP\/html\/group RealFFT.html [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L Pathak PH Wu M Zhao Y Mohapatra P . Accelword: energy efficient hotword detection through accelerometer. Presented at: MobiSys\u201915: The 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services; May 18-22, 2015; Florence Italy. [doi: 10.1145\/2742647.2742658]","DOI":"10.1145\/2742647.2742658"},{"key":"R48","author":"Doran","journal-title":"J Univers Comput Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1137\/060651380","article-title":"Fuzzy extractors: how to generate strong keys from biometrics and other noisy data","volume":"38","author":"Dodis","journal-title":"SIAM J Comput"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu F Qin Z Tan CC Wang B Li Q . IMDGuard: securing implantable medical devices with the external wearable guardian. Presented at: IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE Computer and Communications Societies; Apr 10-15, 2011; Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2011.5934987"},{"issue":"2","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1983.1056650","article-title":"On the security of public key protocols","volume":"29","author":"Dolev","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inform Theory"},{"key":"R52","unstructured":"MPU-6000 and MPU-6050 product specification revision 34. Adafruit. 2013. URL: https:\/\/cdn-learn.adafruit.com\/downloads\/pdf\/mpu6050-6-axis-accelerometer-and-gyro.pdf [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"key":"R53","unstructured":"Azure pacing system. Medtronic. 2022. URL: https:\/\/europe.medtronic.com\/xd-en\/healthcare-professionals\/products\/cardiac-rhythm\/pacemakers\/azure.html [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"key":"R54","unstructured":"Model no307-103 vibration motor. Precision Microdrives. 2021. URL: https:\/\/catalogue.precisionmicrodrives.com\/product\/datasheet\/307-103-9mm-vibration-motor-25mm-type-datasheet.pdf [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"issue":"6","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2015.02.005","article-title":"Optimal implantation depth and adherence to guidelines on permanent pacing to improve the results of transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the Medtronic CoreValve System: The CoreValve Prospective, International, Post-Market ADVANCE-II Study","volume":"8","author":"Petronio","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"2","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2019.3.4","article-title":"Implantable cardiac electronic devices in the elderly population","volume":"8","author":"Lim","journal-title":"Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1455307","article-title":"The System Usability Scale: past, present, and future","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed I Ye Y Bhattacharya S et al. Checksum gestures: continuous gestures as an out-of-band channel for secure pairing. Presented at: UbiComp \u201915: The 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing; Sep 7-11, 2015; Osaka, Japan. [doi: 10.1145\/2750858.2807521]","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2807521"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X Yan F Zuo F Zeng Q Luo L . Touch well before use: intuitive and secure authentication for iot devices. Presented at: MobiCom \u201919: The 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking; Oct 21-25, 2019; Los Cabos, Mexico. [doi: 10.1145\/3300061.3345434]","DOI":"10.1145\/3300061.3345434"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rukhin A Soto J Nechvatal J et al. A statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic applications. NIST; 2001.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-22"},{"issue":"6","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2009.51","article-title":"Shake well before use: intuitive and secure pairing of mobile devices","volume":"8","author":"Mayrhofer","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Mobile Comput"},{"key":"R62","unstructured":"Thomas M Joy AT . Elements of Information Theory. Wiley-Interscience; 2006."},{"key":"R63","unstructured":"Lin S Costello DJ . Error Control Coding. Vol 2. Prentice Hall; 2001."},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S196148","article-title":"Investigating the effect of physical games on the memory and attention of the elderly in adult day-care centers in Babol and Amol","volume":"14","author":"Hedayati","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"R65","unstructured":"MyCareLink heart mobile app. Medtronic. 2021. URL: https:\/\/global.medtronic.com\/xg-en\/mobileapps\/patient-caregiver\/cardiac-monitoring\/mycarelink-heart-app.html [Accessed 18-08-2025]"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang C Sarsenbayeva Z Luo C Goncalves J Kostakos V . Improving wearable sensor data quality using context markers. Presented at: UbiComp \u201919: The 2019 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing; Sep 9-13, 2019; London United Kingdom. [doi: 10.1145\/3341162.3349334]","DOI":"10.1145\/3341162.3349334"},{"issue":"1","key":"R67","first-page":"58","volume":"27","author":"Bovenzi","journal-title":"G Ital Med Lav Ergon"},{"issue":"4","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700230407","article-title":"Selected health risks caused by long\u2010term, whole\u2010body vibration","volume":"23","author":"Seidel","journal-title":"American J Industrial Med"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halevi T Saxena N . On pairing constrained wireless devices based on secrecy of auxiliary channels: the case of acoustic eavesdropping. Presented at: CCS \u201910: 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2010; Oct 4-8, 2010; Chicago, Illinois, USA. [doi: 10.1145\/1866307.1866319]","DOI":"10.1145\/1866307.1866319"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand SA Saxena N . Coresident evil: noisy vibrational pairing in the face of co-located acoustic eavesdropping. Presented at: WiSec \u201917: 10th ACM Conference on Security & Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks; Jul 18-20, 2017; Boston, Massachusetts. [doi: 10.1145\/3098243.3098256]","DOI":"10.1145\/3098243.3098256"},{"key":"R71","author":"Anand","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"R72","unstructured":"MrZMN\/vibkey. GitHub. URL: https:\/\/github.com\/MrZMN\/VibKey [Accessed 18-08-2025]"}],"container-title":["JMIR Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/biomedeng.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e57091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:46:59Z","timestamp":1782841619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/biomedeng.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e57091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":72,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/57091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-3278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-3278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"article-number":"v10i1e57091"}}