{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:45:12Z","timestamp":1785545112311,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Public Health Surveill"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Strong information systems are essential for safe and effective immunization programs. The COVID-19 vaccine rollout presented all immunization information systems (IIS) with challenging demands\u2014requiring in-depth vaccine implementation data at all health system levels in real time. The system development approaches taken by countries were heterogeneous, with some countries opting to adapt existing systems and others implementing new ones.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Using data reported by Member States to the World Health Organization (WHO), we aim to develop a global understanding of (1) the types of IIS used to monitor COVID-19 vaccination implemented in 2021 and (2) the approaches taken by countries to develop these systems.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We conducted a descriptive analysis of data reported through a supplemental questionnaire of the WHO\/United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Joint Reporting Form on Immunization, collecting data for 2021 on (1) the use of and developmental approaches taken for 7 IIS functions (appointments, aggregate reporting, individual-level reporting, reminders, home-based records, safety surveillance, and stock management), and (2) modifications needed for digital health frameworks to permit COVID-19 vaccination monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In total, 188 of 194 WHO Member States responded to the supplemental questionnaire, with 155 reporting on the IIS-related questions. Among those reporting, for each of the 7 IIS functions explored, greater than 85% of responding countries reported that the system was in place for COVID-19 vaccines. Among responding countries, \u201caggregate reporting system\u201d was the system most frequently reported as being in place (n=116, 98.3%), while \u201creminder system\u201d was the least (n=77, 89%). Among the countries reporting using a system, whether an existing system was adapted for COVID-19 vaccines or a new one was developed varied by system. Additionally, two-thirds (n=127, 67.6%) of countries reported establishing at least one new system, ranging from 72% (n=42) in high-income countries (HICs) to 62% (n=16) in low-income countries. Concurrently, 55.3% (n=104) of countries reported adapting at least one system already in place for COVID-19 vaccines, with 62% (n=36) of HICs reporting this compared to about 53% for other income groups. Of those reporting developing new systems, for each of the systems explored, more than 85% of countries reported that they intended to keep new systems specific to COVID-19 vaccines. Further, 147 of the 188 (78.2%) Member States responding to the supplemental questionnaire responded to the digital health frameworks question. Lastly, 31% (n=46) of responding countries reported needing to adapt them for COVID-19 vaccination systems. HICs had a higher percentage.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Nearly all countries have adapted existing or developed new IIS to monitor COVID-19 vaccination. The approaches varied, notably by income group. Reflection is needed on how to sustain the investments made in IIS during the pandemic. Continued support for IIS is critical, given their essential role in program monitoring and performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/62657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T08:20:29Z","timestamp":1720686029000},"page":"e62657-e62657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Developing National Information Systems to Monitor COVID-19 Vaccination: A Global Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5914-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald J","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2663-1605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn Inae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franck Fortune","family":"Mboussou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7324-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Carolina","family":"Danovaro-Holliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Immunization agenda 2023: a global strategy to leave no one behind. World Health Organization. 2020. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/immunization-agenda-2030-a-global-strategy-to-leave-no-one-behind [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"issue":"46","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.017","article-title":"Improving the quality and use of immunization and surveillance data: Summary report of the working group of the strategic advisory group of experts on immunization","volume":"38","author":"Scobie","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"WHO COVID-19 dashboard. World Health Organization. 2023. URL: https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/vaccines [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Global COVID-19 vaccination strategy in a changing world: July 2022 update. World Health Organization. 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/global-covid-19-vaccination-strategy-in-a-changing-world--july-2022-update [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Offer of vaccination against COVID-19. Danish Health Authority. URL: https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/-\/media\/Udgivelser\/2022\/Vaccination\/Efteraar\/Digitalt-brev-til-85-aarige-tidlig-invitation-Covid-19-EN.ashx?sc_lang=en&hash=5F01175FBB0A6932A4A22B79592B2C45 [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2021.100114","article-title":"The successful COVID-19 vaccine rollout in Chile: Factors and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Castillo","journal-title":"Vacc X"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.290726","article-title":"A digital transformation for primary health care","volume":"102","author":"Barbosa da Silva","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-23-00149","article-title":"Achieving COVID-19 and routine immunization data systems integration on the electronic management of immunization data system in Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Tella-Lah","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2022.104974","article-title":"Monitoring the COVID-19 immunisation programme through a national immunisation management system - England\u2019s experience","volume":"170","author":"Tessier","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: Sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic. World Health Organization. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-WHE-SPP-2023.1 [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"WHO\/UNICEF joint reporting process. World Health Organization. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-WHE-SPP-2023.1 [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"issue":"9","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e627","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00134-6","article-title":"Digital health funding for COVID-19 vaccine deployment across four major donor agencies","volume":"5","author":"Helld\u00e9n","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Meeting report: Global convening on COVID-19 vaccination monitoring and related system strengthening. World Health Organization. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/global-convening-on-covid-19-vaccination-monitoring-and-related-system-strengthening [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-23-00161","article-title":"Leveraging COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring in Ethiopia and Pakistan to enhance system-wide safety surveillance","volume":"12","author":"Hagos","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"R15","unstructured":"COWIN in India: The digital backbone for the COVID-19 vaccination programme. Exemplars in Global Health. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.exemplars.health\/emerging-topics\/epidemic-preparedness-and-response\/digital-health-tools\/cowin-in-india [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"COVID-19 vaccine delivery partnership situation report\u2014in depth: Data systems strengthening. World Health Organization. 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/covid-19-vaccine-delivery-partnership-september-2022 [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268824000451","article-title":"Rapid assessment of data systems for COVID-19 vaccination in the WHO African Region","volume":"152","author":"Mboussou","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"WHO and UNICEF. Considerations for integrating COVID-19 vaccination into immunization programmes and primary health care for 2022 and beyond. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240064454 [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"issue":"12","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121776","article-title":"Balancing routine and pandemic: The synergy of India\u2019s universal immunization program and COVID-19 vaccination program","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"R20","unstructured":"Strengthening Ghana\u2019s immunization systems: A step towards digital innovation and pandemic control. Digital Square. 2023. URL: https:\/\/digitalsquare.org\/blog\/2023\/9\/28\/strengthening-ghanas-immunization-systems-a-step-towards-digital-innovation-and-pandemic-control [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"How data systems can help reach zero-dose and under-immunized children. USAID MOMENTUM. 2023. URL: https:\/\/usaidmomentum.org\/resource\/how-data-systems-can-help-reach-zero-dose-and-under-immunized-children\/ [Accessed 15-05-2024]"},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"Centre for Research on Health and Social Care ManagementSDA BocconiMM Global Health Consulting. Investigating the use of digital solutions in the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploratory analysis of eIR and eLMIS in Guinea, Honduras, India, Rwanda, and Tanzania. TechNet-21. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.technet-21.org\/fr\/ressources\/rapport\/investigating-the-use-of-digital-solutions-in-the-covid-19-pandemic-an-exploratory-analysis-of-eir-and-elmis-in-guinea-honduras-india-rwanda-and-tanzania [Accessed 15-05-2024]"}],"container-title":["JMIR Public Health and Surveillance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealth.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e62657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:31:34Z","timestamp":1785537094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealth.jmir.org\/2024\/1\/e62657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/62657","relation":{},"ISSN":["2369-2960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2369-2960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"article-number":"v10i46e62657"}}