{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:09:24Z","timestamp":1790557764452,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Med Inform"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI) to identify preclinical cognitive markers of Alzheimer disease (AD). By synthesizing recent studies, it aims to advance early diagnostic methods to detect AD before significant symptoms occur.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research emphasizes the significance of early detection in AD during the preclinical phase, which does not involve cognitive impairment but nevertheless requires reliable biomarkers. Current biomarkers face challenges, prompting the exploration of cognitive behavior indicators beyond episodic memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we searched Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for studies on neuropsychiatric disorders utilizing conversational data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following an analysis of 38 selected articles, we highlight verbal episodic memory as a sensitive preclinical AD marker, with supporting evidence from neuroimaging and genetic profiling. Executive functions precede memory decline, while processing speed is a significant correlate. The potential of VR remains underexplored, and AI algorithms offer a multidimensional approach to early neurocognitive disorder diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emerging technologies like VR and AI show promise for preclinical diagnostics, but thorough validation and regulation for clinical safety and efficacy are necessary. Continued technological advancements are expected to enhance early detection and management of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/62914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T18:27:56Z","timestamp":1733250476000},"page":"e62914-e62914","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Preclinical Cognitive Markers of Alzheimer Disease and Early Diagnosis Using Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence: Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda de la Paz","family":"Scribano Parada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-228X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Palau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1195-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Valladares Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-4662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Rincon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7572-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Rico Barroeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0958-8549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garc\u00eda Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1380-414X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Bueno Aguado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5753-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Herrero Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6448-7741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela","family":"D\u00edaz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9122-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Bachiller Mayoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Losada Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.001","article-title":"Dementia and cognitive impairment","volume":"30","author":"Hugo","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prince M Wimo A Guerchet M Gemma-Claire A Wu YT Prina M . World Alzheimer Report 2015: the global impact of dementia - an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International; 2015. [doi: 10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00293.x]","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00293.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.01.004","article-title":"The neuropsychology of normal aging and preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Caselli","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2020.06.006","article-title":"Deep convolution neural network based system for early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Janghel","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"P DE Doctorado En Medicina Y Ciencias De La SaludPor R S\u00e1nchez-Juan C Lage Mart\u00ednez C S\u00e1nchez-Juan P . Comportamiento ocular en el diagn\u00f3stico de la enfermedad de alzheimer [Report in Spanish]. URL: https:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/tesis?codigo=303662 [Accessed 22-01-2025]"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2021.23","article-title":"Diagnosis of early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: clinical practice in 2021","volume":"01","author":"Porsteinsson","journal-title":"J Prev Alz Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/almed-2020-0109","article-title":"Biomarcadores en la enfermedad de Alzheimer [Article in Spanish]","volume":"2","author":"Janeiro","journal-title":"Adv Lab Med \/ Av en Med de Lab"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjerke M Engelborghs S . Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Early and Differential Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Diagnosis. IOS Press; 2018. [doi: 10.3233\/JAD-170680]","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170680"},{"issue":"11","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200528142429","article-title":"Recent advancements in pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Khan","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"S165","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb05874.x","article-title":"Neuropsychological features of early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: preclinical and clinical stages","volume":"94","author":"Almkvist","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.04.026","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and neuropsychological measures: the case of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"114","author":"Battista","journal-title":"Neurosci & Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.176","article-title":"Early neuropsychological detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Bastin","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-7634(00)00012-9","article-title":"The neuropsychology of preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"24","author":"Collie","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.09.085","article-title":"Neuropsychological decline up to 20 years before incident mild cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Caselli","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.013","article-title":"Subjective memory decline predicts greater rates of clinical progression in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Buckley","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e9telat G . Multimodal Neuroimaging in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Early Diagnosis, Physiopathological Mechanisms, and Impact of Lifestyle. IOS Press; 2018. [doi: 10.3233\/JAD-179920]","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179920"},{"issue":"9","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab272","article-title":"Sleep and longitudinal cognitive performance in preclinical and early symptomatic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Lucey","journal-title":"Brain (Bacau)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000435","article-title":"Are visual cues helpful for virtual spatial navigation and spatial memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"32","author":"Cogn\u00e9","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01930-y","article-title":"Neuropsychology of posteromedial parietal cortex and conversion factors from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: systematic search and state-of-the-art review","volume":"34","author":"Ilardi","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12301","article-title":"Using virtual reality to distinguish subjects with multiple- but not single-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment from normal elderly subjects","volume":"18","author":"Mohammadi","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02410","article-title":"Enacting space in virtual reality: a comparison between money\u2019s road map test and its virtual version","volume":"9","author":"Morganti","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112793","article-title":"Allocentric coordinate spatial representations are impaired in aMCI and Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"393","author":"Ruggiero","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.031","article-title":"Egocentric and allocentric memory as assessed by virtual reality in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"49","author":"Weniger","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617714000344","article-title":"Detecting everyday action deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease using a nonimmersive virtual reality kitchen","volume":"20","author":"Allain","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.002","article-title":"Can a novel computerized cognitive screening test provide additional information for early detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"10","author":"Tarnanas","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"10","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa312","article-title":"Cognitive processing speed is strongly related to driving skills, financial abilities, and other instrumental activities of daily living in persons with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia","volume":"76","author":"Wadley","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309445","article-title":"Theory of mind in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Bora","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0560","article-title":"The virtual cooking task: a preliminary comparison between neuropsychological and ecological virtual reality tests to assess executive functions alterations in patients affected by alcohol use disorder","volume":"24","author":"Chicchi Giglioli","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S206742","article-title":"A virtual reality application for assessment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children","volume":"15","author":"Fang","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R30","unstructured":"Fornaguera TJ Zamora CM . Revisi\u00f3n \u00bfEs la p\u00e9rdida de la audici\u00f3n una posible medida para detectar de manera precoz la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la enfermedad de Parkinson? [Website in Spanish]2020. URL: https:\/\/www.medigraphic.com\/cgi-bin\/new\/resumenI.cgi?IDARTICULO=101654 [Accessed 11-07-2023]"},{"issue":"5","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2015.1109523","article-title":"A virtual shopping task for the assessment of executive functions: validity for people with stroke","volume":"27","author":"Nir-Hadad","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16121-x","article-title":"Picture Interpretation Test (PIT) 360\u00b0: an innovative measure of executive functions","volume":"7","author":"Serino","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105634","article-title":"Early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on deep learning: a systematic review","volume":"146","author":"Fathi","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.031","article-title":"A parameter-efficient deep learning approach to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"189","author":"Spasov","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0710-y","article-title":"Neuropsychological predictors of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a feature selection ensemble combining stability and predictability","volume":"18","author":"Pereira","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201017","article-title":"Egocentric and allocentric spatial memory in mild cognitive impairment with real-world and virtual navigation tasks: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Tuena","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212688","article-title":"Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT-SL) in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Turner","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnss.2021.12.007","article-title":"Study of virtual reality for mild cognitive impairment: a bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.5901\/ajis.2013.v2n8p612","article-title":"Virtual reality as a new approach to assess cognitive decline in the elderly","volume":"2","author":"Nolin","journal-title":"AJIS"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caggianese G Chirico A De Pietro G et al. Towards a virtual reality cognitive training system for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Presented at: 2018 32nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA); May 16-18, 2018:663-667; Krakow. [doi: 10.1109\/WAINA.2018.00164]","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2018.00164"},{"issue":"3","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2017.1369888","article-title":"Detecting allocentric and egocentric navigation deficits in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using virtual reality","volume":"28","author":"Mohammadi","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2021.10.019","article-title":"Declaraci\u00f3n PRISMA 2020: una gu\u00eda actualizada para la publicaci\u00f3n de revisiones sistem\u00e1ticas [Article in Spanish]","volume":"74","author":"Page","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18189","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for caregivers of persons with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias: systematic literature review","volume":"8","author":"Xie","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"issue":"7","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18599","article-title":"Role of artificial intelligence in patient safety outcomes: systematic literature review","volume":"8","author":"Choudhury","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"issue":"11","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079378","article-title":"Executive function changes before memory in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s pathology: a prospective, cross-sectional, case control study","volume":"8","author":"Harrington","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gainotti G Quaranta D Vita MG Marra C . Neuropsychological Predictors of Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. IOS Press; 2014. [doi: 10.3233\/JAD-130881]","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-130881"},{"issue":"6","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0194","article-title":"Hypothetical preclinical Alzheimer disease groups and longitudinal cognitive change","volume":"73","author":"Soldan","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.002","article-title":"Cognitive reserve and long-term change in cognition in aging and preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Soldan","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"15","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003812","article-title":"Cued memory decline in biomarker-defined preclinical Alzheimer disease","volume":"88","author":"Papp","journal-title":"Neurol (ECronicon)"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.004","article-title":"Neuropsychological measures that detect early impairment and decline in preclinical Alzheimer disease","volume":"56","author":"Schindler","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180966","article-title":"Which episodic memory performance is associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers in elderly cognitive complainers? Evidence from a longitudinal observational study with four episodic memory tests (Insight-PreAD)","volume":"70","author":"Gagliardi","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz150","article-title":"EEG evidence of compensatory mechanisms in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"142","author":"Gaubert","journal-title":"Brain (Bacau)"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104085","article-title":"Spect-neuropsychology correlations in very mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease and amnesic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"89","author":"Ricci","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00275-2","article-title":"Identifying health conditions associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease up to 15 years before diagnosis: an agnostic study of French and British health records","volume":"4","author":"Nedelec","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-022-02408-5","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in relation to neuropathology and cognitive change","volume":"143","author":"Smirnov","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141260","article-title":"Can a virtual reality cognitive training application fulfill a dual role? Using the virtual supermarket cognitive training application as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"44","author":"Zygouris","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz116","article-title":"Differentiation of mild cognitive impairment using an entorhinal cortex-based test of virtual reality navigation","volume":"142","author":"Howett","journal-title":"Brain (Bacau)"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.108388","article-title":"New software dedicated to virtual mazes for human cognitive investigations","volume":"327","author":"Machado","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00241","article-title":"An impairment of prospective memory in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a ride in a virtual town","volume":"10","author":"Lecouvey","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561771700100X","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: past, present, and future","volume":"23","author":"Bondi","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30159-X","article-title":"Strategic roadmap for an early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on biomarkers","volume":"16","author":"Frisoni","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.06.2365","article-title":"Detecting cognitive changes in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review of its feasibility","volume":"13","author":"Mortamais","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"4","key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150137","article-title":"The 12 years preceding mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the temporal emergence of cognitive decline","volume":"48","author":"Mistridis","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R64","unstructured":"An overview of new and emerging technologies for early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Canada\u2019s Drug Agency. URL: https:\/\/www.cda-amc.ca\/overview-new-and-emerging-technologies-early-diagnosis-alzheimer-disease [Accessed 22-01-2025]"},{"issue":"6","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.002","article-title":"Can a novel computerized cognitive screening test provide additional information for early detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"10","author":"Tarnanas","journal-title":"Alz Dement"},{"issue":"2","key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12737","article-title":"Recommendations to address key recruitment challenges of Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Langbaum","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"9","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2018.03.006","article-title":"Blood biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Altuna-Azkargorta","journal-title":"Neurol Ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13627","article-title":"Can mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease be diagnosed by monitoring a miRNA triad in the blood?","volume":"21","author":"Wei","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22628","article-title":"An operational approach to National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association criteria for preclinical Alzheimer disease","volume":"71","author":"Jack","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7714\/CNPS\/15.2.216","article-title":"Escenarios virtuales para la evaluaci\u00f3n neuropsicol\u00f3gica: una revisi\u00f3n de tema [Virtual scenarios for neuropsychological assessment: a topic review]","volume":"15","author":"Delgado-Reyes","journal-title":"Panam J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-024-09633-7","article-title":"Virtual reality and serious videogame-based instruments for assessing spatial navigation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review of psychometric properties","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Escudero","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"21","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11213424","article-title":"Evaluation of the predictive ability and user acceptance of Panoramix 2.0, an AI-based e-health tool for the detection of cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Valladares-Rodr\u00edguez","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3508","article-title":"Design process and preliminary psychometric study of a video game to detect cognitive impairment in senior adults","volume":"5","author":"Valladares-Rodriguez","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["JMIR Medical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medinform.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e62914","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:31:23Z","timestamp":1785537083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medinform.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e62914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":73,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/62914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2291-9694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2291-9694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"article-number":"v13i3e62914"}}