{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:57:53Z","timestamp":1791500273815,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Aging"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms. Recently, dance has started to be considered an effective intervention for people with PD. Several findings in the literature emphasize the necessity for deeper exploration into the synergistic impacts of dance therapy and exergaming for PD management. Moreover, socially engaging robotic platforms equipped with advanced interaction and perception features offer potential for monitoring patients\u2019 posture and enhancing workout routines with tailored cues.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This paper presents the results of the Social Robotics for Active and Healthy Ageing (SI-Robotics) project, aimed at designing an innovative rehabilitation program targeted at seniors affected by (early-stage) PD. This study therefore aims to assess the usefulness of a dance-based rehabilitation program enriched by artificial intelligence\u2013based exergames and contextual robotic assistance in improving motor function, balance, gait, and quality of life in patients with PD. The acceptability of the system is also investigated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The study is designed as a technical feasibility pilot to test the SI-Robotics system. For this study, 20 patients with PD were recruited. A total of 16 Irish dance\u2013based rehabilitation sessions of 50 minutes were conducted (2 sessions per week, for 8 wks), involving 2 patients at a time. The designed rehabilitation session involves three main actors: (1) a therapist, (2) a patient, and (3) a socially interacting robot. To stimulate engagement, sessions were organized in the shape of exergames where an avatar shows patients the movements they should perform to correctly carry out a dance-based rehabilitation exercise.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Statistical analysis reveals a significant difference on the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment scale, both on balance and gait aspects, together with improvements in Short Physical Performance Battery, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale\u2013III, and Timed Up and Go test, underlying the usefulness of the rehabilitation intervention on the motor symptoms of PD. The analysis of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology subscales provided valuable insights into users\u2019 perceptions and interactions with the system.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This research underscores the promise of merging dance therapy with interactive exergaming on a robotic platform as an innovative strategy to enhance motor function, balance, gait, and overall quality of life for patients grappling with PD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/62930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:18:36Z","timestamp":1736900316000},"page":"e62930-e62930","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Exploring Dance as a Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson Disease Through the Social Robotics for Active and Healthy Ageing (SI-Robotics): Results From a Technical Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3851-3552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Bevilacqua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2414-3773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Maranesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0292-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Benadduci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9835-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Cortellessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1184-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Umbrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9442-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Fracasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8568-1326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Melone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Margaritini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5661-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"La Forgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9940-4002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Di Bitonto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8997-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ada","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Fiorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1745-0684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"La Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7432-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8970-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Caroppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Rescio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1093-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Marzorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0703-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"Cesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0377-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pelliccioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1630-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Renato","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5688-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"21 Suppl 4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a1d44c","article-title":"The scientific and clinical basis for the treatment of Parkinson disease (2009)","volume":"72","author":"Olanow","journal-title":"Neurology (ECronicon)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002815","article-title":"Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2014","author":"Tomlinson","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311421614","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of community-based dancing to modify disease progression in Parkinson disease","volume":"26","author":"Duncan","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"7","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0362","article-title":"Effects of dance on movement control in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a comparison of Argentine tango and American ballroom","volume":"42","author":"Hackney","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-15","article-title":"V-TIME: a treadmill training program augmented by virtual reality to decrease fall risk in older adults: study design of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Mirelman","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R7","first-page":"1321","volume":"261","author":"Barry","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.780098","article-title":"Dancing with Parkinson\u2019s disease: the SI-ROBOTICS study protocol","volume":"9","author":"Bevilacqua","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2021-0025","article-title":"AI and robotics to help older adults: revisiting projects in search of lessons learned","volume":"12","author":"Cortellessa","journal-title":"Paladyn J Behav Robot"},{"issue":"8","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236820","article-title":"The efficacy of dance for improving motor impairments, non-motor symptoms, and quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Carapellotti","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-54","article-title":"A comparison of Irish set dancing and exercises for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a phase II feasibility study","volume":"13","author":"Volpe","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.10.1530","article-title":"Gait assessment for neurologically impaired patients. Standards for outcome assessment","volume":"66","author":"Holden","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.10.1530","article-title":"Gait assessment for neurologically impaired patients","volume":"66","author":"Holden","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.19.5.604","article-title":"Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients","volume":"19","author":"van Swieten","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0579.2003.00216.x","article-title":"Validation of the five-item geriatric depression scale in elderly subjects in three different settings","volume":"51","author":"Rinaldi","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R17","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1986.tb05480.x","article-title":"Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients","volume":"34","author":"Tinetti","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.m85","article-title":"A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission","volume":"49","author":"Guralnik","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"Balke B . A simple field test for the assessment of physical fitness. Rep 63-6. Rep Civ Aeromed Res Inst. 1963. URL: https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/data_research\/research\/med_humanfacs\/oamtechreports\/1960s\/media\/am63-06.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","article-title":"A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity","volume":"34","author":"Ware","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2009.09.031","article-title":"Validation of the Italian version of the falls efficacy scale international (FES-I) and the SHORT FES-I in community-dwelling older persons","volume":"49 Suppl 1","author":"Ruggiero","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21198","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): process, format, and clinimetric testing plan","volume":"22","author":"Goetz","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1609\/icaps.v33i1.27234","article-title":"Combining clinical and spatial constraints into temporal planning to personalize physical rehabilitation","volume":"33","author":"Umbrico","journal-title":"ICAPS"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105442","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for assisting diagnostics and assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014a review","volume":"184","author":"Beli\u0107","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"16","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7354","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167354","article-title":"Predicting wearing-off of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients using a wrist-worn fitness tracker and a smartphone: a case study","volume":"11","author":"Victorino","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2021.3096862","article-title":"Decision making in health care diagnosis: evidence from Parkinson\u2019s Disease via hybrid machine learning","volume":"70","author":"Devarajan","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Eng Manage"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.06.003","article-title":"Feature-driven machine learning to improve early diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"110","author":"Parisi","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2016.09.003","article-title":"A three-layer planning architecture for the autonomous control of rehabilitation therapies based on social robots","volume":"43","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","journal-title":"Cogn Syst Res"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baschieri D Gaspari M Zini F . A planning-based serious game for cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Presented at: Proceedings of the 4th EAI International Conference on Smart Objects and Technologies for Social Good; Nov 28, 2018; Bologna Italy. [doi: 10.1145\/3284869.3284916]","DOI":"10.1145\/3284869.3284916"},{"issue":"13","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134893","article-title":"Ambient and wearable sensor technologies for energy expenditure quantification of ageing adults","volume":"22","author":"Leone","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Co-Robotics. URL: http:\/\/www.corobotics.eu [Accessed 23-12-2024]"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2017.03.003","article-title":"Towards a science of integrated AI and robotics","volume":"247","author":"Rajan","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2014.11.003","article-title":"Deliberation for autonomous robots: a survey","volume":"247","author":"Ingrand","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-022-00897-8","article-title":"A mind-inspired architecture for adaptive HRI","volume":"15","author":"Umbrico","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"issue":"9","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.05.001","article-title":"Affective interaction: how emotional agents affect users","volume":"67","author":"Beale","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00617-9","article-title":"A holistic approach to behavior adaptation for socially assistive robots","volume":"12","author":"Umbrico","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robotics"},{"key":"R39","unstructured":"ROS melodic morenia. ROS.org. URL: http:\/\/wiki.ros.org\/melodic [Accessed 23-12-2024]"},{"key":"R40","unstructured":"Pstlab\/roxanne_rosjava. GitHub. URL: https:\/\/github.com\/pstlab\/roxanne_rosjava.git [Accessed 02-12-2024]"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umbrico A Cesta A Orlandini A . Human-aware goal-oriented autonomy through ROS-integrated timeline-based planning and execution. Presented at: The 32nd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN); Aug 28-31, 2023; Busan, Republic of Korea. [doi: 10.1109\/RO-MAN57019.2023.10309516]","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN57019.2023.10309516"}],"container-title":["JMIR Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aging.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e62930","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:31:23Z","timestamp":1785537083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aging.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e62930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/62930","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-7605"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-7605","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"article-number":"v8i12e62930"}}