{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:33:56Z","timestamp":1789104836458,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Quality of life (QOL) is an important aspect of every chronic disease, including interstitial lung disease (ILD). QOL is perceived as a significant patient-centered outcome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to identify factors correlating with different aspects of QOL in patients with various ILDs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We recruited 57 participants hospitalized in a tertiary care clinical center to this pilot observational cross-sectional study. These included 22 patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), 19 patients with connective tissue disease\u2013associated ILD (CTD-ILD), and 16 patients with interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). The Saint George\u2019s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) were used to assess QOL, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Modified Version (HADS-M) and Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate depression severity. Functional parameters including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n ), transfer lung capacity for carbon monoxide (TLCO), and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) were assessed. Assessment of QOL was a secondary outcome measure in a multicenter prospective study aimed at determining the characteristics of Polish patients with interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In each study group, positive correlations existed between the WHOQOL-BREF physical domain score and FEV\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n % predicted value (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001) and TLCO % predicted value (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.03). Regardless of diagnosis, higher depression, anxiety, and aggression scores (ie, worse mental health) correlated negatively with multiple domains of QOL measured using the WHOQOL-BREF. Predictors of QOL aspects varied in each study group. In the IPAF group, the TLCO % predicted value was a predictor of QOL expressed as the SGRQ total score (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.005). In the CTD-ILD group, short 6MWD (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001) and high HADS-M aggression score (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.01) correlated with low QOL (expressed as a high SGRQ total score). In the IIP group, 6MWD (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.002) and PHQ-9 scores (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001) were predictors for SGRQ symptoms score. Gender-based differences were revealed: In all study groups, men had higher scores in the psychological, social, and environmental domains of the WHOQOL-BREF, indicating better QOL, without a statistically significant difference in the physical domain scores between genders. Diagnosis-based differences in the psychological aspects of QOL were also revealed: The QOL psychological domain scores were significantly lower in the CTD-ILD and IPAF groups than in the IIP group, indicating worse QOL (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n QOL is a multifaceted issue with various factors impacting its assessment. 6MWD, TLCO predicted value, and worse functional ability might specifically impact QoL in ILD. Mental health is an important aspect of QOL in the ILD population, as patients with a chronic, potentially life-limiting disease may be more prone to developing depression or anxiety. Assessment of QOL should be taken into account in clinical decision-making and research on chronic diseases, as this patient-related outcome may impact therapeutic decisions and patient compliance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/64409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T08:55:10Z","timestamp":1754384110000},"page":"e64409-e64409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aspects of Quality of Life in Interstitial Lung Disease: Pilot Observational Cross-Sectional Study in a Single Center"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4217-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Rzepka-Wrona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8506-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Trzaska Sobczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6567-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Barczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1796-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Skoczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.745908","article-title":"Health related quality of life in interstitial lung disease: can we use the same concepts around the world?","volume":"8","author":"Aronson","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00084-2017","article-title":"mMRC dyspnoea scale indicates impaired quality of life and increased pain in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Rajala","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14231","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in subjects with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases","volume":"27","author":"Brown","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"3","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465816686743","article-title":"Optimizing quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"van Manen","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"issue":"158","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0154-2020","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Cox","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11061089","article-title":"Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in sarcoidosis: diagnosis, management, and health outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Saketkoo","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"162","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0177-2021","article-title":"Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features: challenges and controversies","volume":"30","author":"Mackintosh","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202312-2213SO","article-title":"Meaningful endpoints for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) clinical trials: emphasis on \u2018feels, functions, survives\u2019. Report of a collaborative discussion in a Symposium with direct engagement from representatives of patients, investigators, the National Institutes of Health, a patient advocacy organization, and a regulatory agency","volume":"209","author":"Raghu","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03262-9","article-title":"Assessing health-related quality of life in patients with interstitial lung diseases","volume":"24","author":"Stoltefu\u00df","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00039-2023","article-title":"Understanding patient experience of chronic cough in interstitial lung disease","volume":"9","author":"Mann","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00168-2017","article-title":"Determinants and outcomes of prolonged anxiety and depression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"50","author":"Glaspole","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"suppl 66","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2022.518","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in IPF and response to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR)","volume":"60","author":"Edwards","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2023.104064","article-title":"Impact of physical functional capacity on quality of life in patients with interstitial lung diseases","volume":"313","author":"Sikora","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/44802","article-title":"Characteristics of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF): protocol for a multicenter prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Rzepka-Wrona","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"3S","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.09.009","article-title":"EULAR\/ACR classification criteria for SLE","volume":"49","author":"Aringer","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes279","article-title":"ACR\/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria","volume":"51 Suppl 6","author":"Kay","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2019.1709944","article-title":"2019 diagnostic criteria for mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD): from the Japan research committee of the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare for systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"31","author":"Tanaka","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38098","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"65","author":"van den Hoogen","journal-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatism"},{"issue":"4","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5603\/PiAP.2015.0048","article-title":"Polish Respiratory Society Guidelines for the methodology and interpretation of the 6 minute walk test (6MWT)","volume":"83","author":"Przyby\u0142owski","journal-title":"Adv Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229345","article-title":"A solution to minimum sample size for regressions","volume":"15","author":"Jenkins","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"14","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12856","article-title":"Experimental design and analysis and their reporting: new guidance for publication in BJP","volume":"172","author":"Curtis","journal-title":"British J Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12495","article-title":"Optimizing sampling approaches along ecological gradients","volume":"7","author":"Schweiger","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"R23","unstructured":"Kucharz EJ . \u015ar\u00f3dmi\u0105\u017cszowa choroba p\u0142uc w przebiegu twardziny uk\u0142adowej \u2013 epidemiologia. Liczba pacjent\u00f3w z twardzin\u0105 uk\u0142adow\u0105 oraz innymi chorobami \u015br\u00f3dmi\u0105\u017cszowymi p\u0142uc \u2013 Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. URL: https:\/\/orka.sejm.gov.pl\/opinie9.nsf\/nazwa\/580_20220202_1\/$file\/580_20220202_1.pdf [Accessed 24-06-2025]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00084","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00084-2017","article-title":"mMRC dyspnoea scale indicates impaired quality of life and increased pain in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Rajala","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0954-6111(06)80166-6","article-title":"The St George\u2019s Respiratory Questionnaire","volume":"85 Suppl B","author":"Jones","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00","article-title":"The World Health Organization\u2019s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group","volume":"13","author":"Skevington","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"546","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp08X263794","article-title":"Psychometric comparison of PHQ-9 and HADS for measuring depression severity in primary care","volume":"58","author":"Cameron","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"6516","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6516.344","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"292","author":"Snaith","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"13","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320924625","article-title":"Use of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in practice: interactions between patients and physicians","volume":"30","author":"Ford","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00917-2021","article-title":"R-scale for pulmonary fibrosis: a simple, visual tool for the assessment of health-related quality of life","volume":"59","author":"Scallan","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00107","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00107-2020","article-title":"Pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions to improve symptom control, functional exercise capacity and quality of life in interstitial lung disease: an evidence synthesis","volume":"7","author":"Bajwah","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010017","article-title":"Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features: why rheumatologist-pulmonologist collaboration is essential","volume":"9","author":"Sebastiani","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"7","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236346","article-title":"Evaluation of health-related quality of life and the related factors in a group of Chinese patients with interstitial lung diseases","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"suppl 64","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2020.766","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in ILD and IPF patients. Is there a difference?","volume":"56","author":"Kounti","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.11.019","article-title":"Gender influences health-related quality of life in IPF","volume":"104","author":"Han","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.02.009","article-title":"Differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes between men and women with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Zaman","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.061","article-title":"Baseline characteristics and progression of a spectrum of interstitial lung abnormalities and disease in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"158","author":"Kawano-Dourado","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-2626","article-title":"Predictors of mortality and progression in scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review","volume":"146","author":"Winstone","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184300","article-title":"Clinical impact of depression and anxiety in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Lee","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.09.009","article-title":"Serotonin paracrine signaling in tissue fibrosis","volume":"1832","author":"Mann","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010225","article-title":"Pathological insight into 5-HT receptor activation in fibrosing interstitial lung diseases","volume":"22","author":"L\u00f6fdahl","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0808-x","article-title":"Quality of life assessment in interstitial lung diseases:a comparison of the disease-specific K-BILD with the generic EQ-5D-5L","volume":"19","author":"Szentes","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.03.027","article-title":"Assessing dyspnea and its impact on patients with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"104","author":"Swigris","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9704130","article-title":"Prognostic significance of histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"157","author":"Bjoraker","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.09.005","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. What is the main contributing factor?","volume":"99","author":"Nishiyama","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"143","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0099-2016","article-title":"Exertional dyspnoea in interstitial lung diseases: the clinical utility of cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"26","author":"Bonini","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Medical Research Council chronic dyspnea score predicts the survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"102","author":"Manali","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12360","article-title":"Dyspnoea and comorbidity contribute to anxiety and depression in interstitial lung disease","volume":"19","author":"Holland","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03218-z","article-title":"Determinants of cough-related quality of life in interstitial lung diseases","volume":"24","author":"Saari","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100608","article-title":"Depression and functional status are strongly associated with dyspnea in interstitial lung disease","author":"Ryerson","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000351110","article-title":"Cross-sectional assessment of the relationships between dyspnea domains and lung function in diffuse parenchymal lung disease","volume":"87","author":"Londner","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"1","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.02.004","article-title":"Activity-related dyspnea is not modified by psychological status in people with COPD, interstitial lung disease or obesity","volume":"182","author":"Sanchez","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e64409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:30:28Z","timestamp":1785537028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e64409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/64409","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"v10i4e64409"}}