{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:57:15Z","timestamp":1791575835902,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Hum Factors"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Only 15% of the nearly 30 million Americans with hearing loss use hearing aids, partly due to high cost, stigma, and limited access to professional hearing care. Hearing impairment in adults can lead to social isolation and depression and is associated with an increased risk of falls. Given the persistent barriers to hearing aid use, the Food and Drug Administration issued a final rule to allow over-the-counter hearing aids to be sold directly to adult consumers with perceived mild to moderate hearing loss at pharmacies, stores, and online retailers without seeing a physician or licensed hearing health care professional.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n We evaluated the safety and usability of an over-the-counter hearing aid prior to Food and Drug Administration approval and market release.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We first conducted a formative usability test of the device and associated app with 5 intended users to identify outstanding safety and usability issues (testing round 1). Following design modifications, we performed a summative usability test with 15 intended users of the device (testing round 2). We concurrently conducted a test with 21 nonintended users (ie, users with contraindications to use) to ascertain if consumers could determine when they should not use the device, based on the packaging, instructions, and labeling (testing round 3). Participants were asked to complete 2\u20105 tasks, as if they were using the hearing aid in real life. After each task, participants rated the task difficulty. At the end of each session, participants completed a 10-question knowledge assessment and the System Usability Scale and then participated in debriefing interviews to gather qualitative feedback. All sessions were video recorded and analyzed to identify use errors and design improvement opportunities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Usability issues were identified in all 3 usability testing rounds. There were minimal safety-related issues with the device. Round 1 testing led to several design modifications which then increased task success in round 2 testing. Participants had the most difficulty with the task of pairing the hearing aids to the cell phone. Participants also had difficulty distinguishing the right and left earbuds. Nonintended users did not always understand device contraindications (eg, tinnitus and severe hearing loss). Overall, test findings informed 9 actionable design modifications (eg, clarifying pairing steps and increasing font size) that improved device usability and safety.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This study evaluated the usability and safety of an over-the-counter hearing aid for adults with mild to moderate hearing loss. Human factors engineering methods identified opportunities to improve the safety and usability of this direct-to-consumer medical device for individuals with perceived mild-moderate hearing loss.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/65142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T22:28:26Z","timestamp":1730500106000},"page":"e65142-e65142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating the Safety and Usability of an Over-the-Counter Medical Device for Adults With Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss: Formative and Summative Usability Testing"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5457-2501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan Elizabeth","family":"Salwei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2327-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilo","family":"Anders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9011-2692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie","family":"Reale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason M","family":"Slagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-9654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd","family":"Ricketts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8897-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew B","family":"Weinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303299","article-title":"Prevalence of hearing loss by severity in the United States","volume":"106","author":"Goman","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr002","article-title":"Hearing loss prevalence and risk factors among older adults in the United States","volume":"66","author":"Lin","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.728","article-title":"Hearing loss and falls among older adults in the United States","volume":"172","author":"Lin","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.1868","article-title":"Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults","volume":"173","author":"Lin","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.65","article-title":"Hearing loss as a risk factor for dementia: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Thomson","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.26320","article-title":"Prevalence of hearing loss and hearing aid use among US Medicare beneficiaries aged 71 years and older","volume":"6","author":"Reed","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.1408","article-title":"Prevalence of hearing aid use among older adults in the United States","volume":"172","author":"Chien","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Hearing Health Care for Adults: Priorities for Improving Access and Affordability. 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