{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:45:04Z","timestamp":1785545104329,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Graves disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism and autoantibodies. The COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions about its potential relationship with autoimmune diseases like GD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to investigate the causal association between COVID-19 and GD through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and assess the impact of COVID-19 on GD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We conducted an MR study using extensive genome-wide association study data for GD and COVID-19 susceptibility and its severity. We used stringent single nucleotide polymorphism selection criteria and various MR methodologies, including inverse-variance weighting, MR-Egger, and weighted median analyses, to assess causal relationships. We also conducted tests for directional pleiotropy and heterogeneity, as well as sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The MR analysis, based on the largest available dataset to date, did not provide evidence supporting a causal relationship between COVID-19 susceptibility (odds ratio [OR] 0.989, 95% CI 0.405\u20102.851;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.93), COVID-19 hospitalization (OR 0.974, 95% CI 0.852\u20101.113;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.70), COVID-19 severity (OR 0.979, 95% CI 0.890\u20101.077;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.66), and GD. Tests for directional pleiotropy and heterogeneity, as well as sensitivity analyses, supported these findings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This comprehensive MR study does not provide sufficient evidence to support a causal relationship between COVID-19 and the onset or exacerbation of GD. These results contribute to a better understanding of the potential association between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases, alleviating concerns about a surge in autoimmune thyroid diseases due to the pandemic. Further research is warranted to explore this complex relationship thoroughly.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/66003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T16:32:22Z","timestamp":1744129942000},"page":"e66003-e66003","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retracted: Assessing the Causal Association Between COVID-19 and Graves Disease: Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1152-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Nian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4273-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01210-7","article-title":"New-onset and relapsed Graves\u2019 disease following COVID-19 vaccination: a comprehensive review of reported cases","volume":"28","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02770-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in inducing hyperthyroidism of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"73","author":"Murugan","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"5","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.60829","article-title":"Unveiling promising modalities and enhancing patient outcomes in Graves\u2019 disease treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Almutairi","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_457_2024","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus flare: a multiple sclerosis attack","volume":"15","author":"Msheik","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081788","article-title":"The impact of environmental factors on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis-review","volume":"12","author":"Cyna","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155873","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 triggering autoimmune diseases","volume":"154","author":"Mobasheri","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"2","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221082898","article-title":"Potential relationships between COVID-19 and the thyroid gland: an update","volume":"50","author":"Naguib","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.947594","article-title":"Association of thyroid dysfunction and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Darvishi","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1041676","article-title":"COVID-19 and thyroid function: what do we know so far?","volume":"13","author":"Rossetti","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.102312","article-title":"Thyroid disease and hypothyroidism are associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"15","author":"Damara","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00092-5","article-title":"Mendelian randomization","volume":"2","author":"Sanderson","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Primers"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"GWAS summary data. 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