{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:07:15Z","timestamp":1791893235762,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early intervention during the first 3 years of life is crucial for children with developmental disabilities to optimize developmental outcomes. However, access to such services is often limited by geographical distance and resource constraints. Telehealth can be part of a solution for overcoming these barriers, enabling the delivery of early intervention services. However, a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and implementation of telehealth in early interventions remains elusive, particularly for children aged 0-3 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aims to synthesize existing research on the effectiveness and implementation of telehealth interventions in infants and toddlers (aged 0\u20133 years) who are at risk of or diagnosed with developmental disabilities. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the ways that telehealth compares to conventional in-person interventions in improving developmental outcomes for children and supporting family well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted of 4 electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science), focusing on studies published between 2010 and 2024. The inclusion criteria were studies involving telehealth interventions for children aged 0-3 years who were at high risk or had developmental disabilities, which involved active interactions between the providers and the families. Study quality was assessed using the mixed methods appraisal tool, and a narrative synthesis was used to analyze the data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria: 12 single-case designs, 4 randomized controlled trials, and 2 nonequivalent control group designs. All studies involved caregiver-child dyads, with child ages ranging from 5 to 37 months and having or at risk of autistic spectrum disorder (n=10, 56%), cerebral palsy (n=4, 22%), and other conditions (n=4, 22%). Synchronous videoconferencing was the primary modality for caregiver training and coaching (n=17, 94%) while 1 intervention used an Internet of Things system. Outcomes were identified in child communication (n=9, 50%), physical (n=6, 33%), social or emotional (n=6, 33%), and adaptive behavior (n=4, 22%), as well as caregiver implementation (n=12, 66%). Telehealth demonstrated comparable or superior effectiveness to traditional in-person methods in 2 studies. However, the focus on specific conditions and limited research on cognitive development were notable gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Telehealth can be a viable alternative to traditional in-person early interventions for young children who have developmental disabilities and their families. It enhances accessibility and interactions between families and providers at a distance while promoting family-centered care. Challenges exist, including those of technological literacy, and the lack of research on cognitive outcomes must be addressed. Future work should explore more comprehensive interventions, including multidisciplinary approaches and expanded family outcomes, to solidify the role that telehealth plays in early intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42024551286; https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=551286<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/66442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T02:35:36Z","timestamp":1732761336000},"page":"e66442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Early Intervention for Children With Developmental Disabilities and Their Families via Telehealth: Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3649-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoomi","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3077-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Ju","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9277-8204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44472-1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(18)30309-7"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430200183054"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa044"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21725"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-02896-5"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001211"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744629516656073"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.22217"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-59.6.459"},{"key":"ref11","author":"Dunst, CJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handbook on Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2638"},{"key":"ref13","author":"McIntyre, LL","year":"2021","journal-title":"APA Handbook of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Clinical and Educational Implications: Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment, Vol. 2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.13271"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102218"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12045"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2022.2072843"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2021.101128"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1239"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12901"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12754"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1581846"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12852"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2014.01.007"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsab029"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2016.1236844"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03265-7"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05132"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2020.0132"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"TelehealthMedicaid2024-12-11https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/medicaid\/benefits\/telehealth\/index.html"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"ATA ATelehealth: defining 21st century care;2024-12-11https:\/\/www.americantelemed.org\/resource\/why-telemedicine\/"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"WHO Global Observatory for eHealthTelemedicine: opportunities and developments in Member States: report on the second global survey on eHealthGlobal Observatory for eHealth Series, 22010GenevaWorld Health Organizationhttps:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/44497"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104878"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.711762"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2022.2106468"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9101483"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1126404"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-021-00249-8"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2022.2048098"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-023-2840-1"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-021-00278-3"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/xeb.0000000000000055"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.1917"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05554-7"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173521"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2329048x20946214"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_ajslp-23-00279"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14643154.2019.1587235"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081654"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1053815116630327"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2022.2057209"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11010101"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1841-8"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2022.2142084"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05549-4"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/121878"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357616651064"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2021.1895699"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-023-01467-x"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2023.2244067"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"PopayJRobertsHSowdenAPetticrewMAraiLRodgersMBrittenNGuidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: a product from the ESRC methods programmeCiteSeerX20062006-04-01https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=ed8b23836338f6fdea0cc55e161b0fc5805f9e27"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633x18755883"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-021-00358-0"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6651"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/36842"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412923"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36941\/jicd-2020-0013"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63861-8"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324506"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121101"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/22799036231222115"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2022.04.005"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2020.12.009"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0878"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IYC.0000000000000167"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2016.018481"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005495.pub4"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14804"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4308"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/43684"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05734-5"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03080226231181018"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-022-09853-w"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2023.0039"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2021.0111"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-023-01464-0"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.14814"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2022.10.002"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16927"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13391"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2023.2199176"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211068934"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.13038"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104199"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12858"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103861"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121164"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22451"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-021-01273-3"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1913247"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00872"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe14050087"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02798-y"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.926655"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2019.100874"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07971-x"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5820\/aian.2602.2019.15"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-06054-z"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030464"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493519880447"},{"key":"ref113","unstructured":"Position statement on early intervention for children with developmental disabilities database on the internetThe Royal Australasian College of Physicians20132024-09-12https:\/\/www.racp.edu.au\/docs\/default-source\/advocacy-library\/early-intervention-for-children-with-developmental-disabilities.pdf"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2023.2179163"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4338\/aci-2016-06-r-0089"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e66442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:59:27Z","timestamp":1785851967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e66442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":115,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/66442","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.66442","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}