{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:50:33Z","timestamp":1785855033234,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Racism and discrimination are among the factors perpetuating the persistent disparities within the Canadian health sector and related social and community services. Addressing issues of racism in Canada is crucial to reducing the mounting mental health disparities that subsequently impact the psychological well-being of diverse groups of people, particularly racialized and Black individuals. While some research has been conducted on mental illness\u2013related stigma, very few peer-reviewed studies have attempted antistigma interventions to address mental health disparities in Black families and communities in Canada.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to generate critical knowledge to reduce mental health disparities and mental illness stigma experienced by Black families and communities and engage them in cocreating a best-practice model to guide policy and programming. Our study intends to engage individuals living with or affected by mental illness, service providers, and community leaders in Black communities who are interested in stigma reduction activities and advocacy in Ontario, particularly in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), including Durham and York Regions, London, Ontario, Brampton, and Ottawa.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Informed by population health promotion approaches, critical race theory, and an intersectionality framework underpinned by social justice principles, this mixed methods study will engage individuals of Caribbean and African descent in 5 cities in Ontario. We will use online self-reported surveys with Black individuals (335\/431) to assess depression, anxiety, stress, mental health knowledge, racial discrimination, and mental health stigma. We will also engage Black individuals (40\/431) and service providers and community leaders (16\/431) in focus groups and individual interviews (10\/431). Results from the survey and focus groups will inform concept mapping activities with cross-sector leaders, decision makers, and community advocates (30\/431) to cocreate a best-practice model to improve mental health outcomes in Black families and communities. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential analyses through SPSS (IBM Corp). Qualitative data will be transcribed verbatim, and NVivo software (Lumivero) will be used for data management. We will apply Braun and Clarke\u2019s framework of 6 phases in thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n As of September 2024, the study has received ethical approval in Canada. We have completed data collection for phase one of the study and plans are far advanced to start recruitment for phases 2 and 3. Results from the study are expected in the last quarter of 2025 and the first quarter of 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This project will generate a novelty of knowledge to contribute to effective ways of addressing mental illness stigma and promoting mental health literacy in Black families and communities and other vulnerable populations. In addition, the knowledge gained from this study will be taken back to Black communities to empower affected individuals and their families.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)<\/jats:title>\n DERR1-10.2196\/66851<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/66851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T11:25:06Z","timestamp":1741951506000},"page":"e66851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Addressing the Stigma of Mental Illness in Black Families and Communities in Ontario, Canada: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6535-2029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Adu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8262-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine P H","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8843-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3734-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Gyamfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0982-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egbe B","family":"Etowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5817-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark Fordjour","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Government of CanadaDiscussion paper on systemic racismCanadian Human Rights Commission20232025-04-10Ottawahttps:\/\/www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca\/en\/resources\/publications\/discussion-paper-systemic-racism"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0001016"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"MootenNRacism, discrimination and migrant workers in Canada: evidence from the literatureGovernment of Canada20212025-04-10Government of Canadahttps:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/immigration-refugees-citizenship\/corporate\/reports-statistics\/research\/racism-discrimination-migrant-workers-canada-evidence-literature.html"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066x.62.4.271"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40719-022-00225-5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-013-9095-9"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cdq.12152"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619827499"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Let's talk: racism and health equityNational Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health20182025-04-10https:\/\/nccdh.ca\/resources\/entry\/lets-talk-racism-and-health-equity"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","first-page":"131","volume":"30","author":"Gajaria, A","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. 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