{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:02:13Z","timestamp":1787313733553,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for markerless motion capture systems, which are being widely used in biomechanical and clinical research. Furthermore, by using a markerless motion capture system in a laboratory environment that mimics living spaces, the data acquired on various activities of daily living, such as level walking, ramp walking, and stair ascent and descent, should more closely resemble that of real-life activities. However, the absolute reliability of gait parameters in this context is still unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a markerless motion capture system in assessing the ascent and descent of ramps and stairs during walking in a simulated living space.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 21 healthy participants performed level walking, ramp and stair ascent and descent on two separate days, with at least a 24-hour interval between sessions. Joint angles were measured using 27 synchronized cameras with a markerless motion capture application, Theia3D (Theia Markerless Inc), and analyzed in Visual3d for all planes of motion at the hip-, knee-, and ankle-joints. The absolute reliability of day-to-day reproducibility was assessed using full-curve analysis (root mean square difference [RMSD]) and discrete point analysis of gait events using the standard error of measurement (SEM). SEM was calculated only for level walking and ramp ascent and descent, where gait events were correctly detected.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The SEM values for level walking and ramp ascent and descent were all below the 5-degree threshold. However, while RMSD values were generally below 5\u00b0, this threshold was exceeded for knee-joint flexion-extension angles during ramp ascent and stair ascent (5.07\u00b0 and 5.64\u00b0, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The markerless motion capture system in the living laboratory setting demonstrated a high degree of accuracy for various environments and gait types. The low SEM values obtained indicate good reliability for joint angle measurements across different days. The slightly higher RMSD values for knee-joint angles during ramp and stair ascent may reflect the system\u2019s ability to capture the adaptations in joint kinematics in response to changes in gait conditions. These measurements in a living laboratory environment validated the absolute reliability of various gait parameters not only in level walking but also in ramp and stair ascent and descent. The findings suggest potential clinical applications and research opportunities, including the development of assistive devices and robots, using markerless motion capture in more natural living situations, rather than in controlled environments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/66886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T15:31:11Z","timestamp":1747323071000},"page":"e66886-e66886","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Validation of Gait Kinematics With Ramp and Stair Ascent and Descent Revealed by Markerless Motion Capture in Simulated Living Space: Test-Retest Reliability Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1005-6492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiki","family":"Shimotori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4604-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Yoshimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1675-7310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izumi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls197","article-title":"Trajectories of gait speed predict mortality in well-functioning older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition study","volume":"68","author":"White","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46743\/1540-580X\/2021.1971","article-title":"Agreement in walking speed measured using four different outcome measures: 6-meter walk test, 10-meter walk test, 2-minute walk test, and 6-minute walk test","author":"Roush","journal-title":"IJAHSP"},{"issue":"6","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa106","article-title":"Dual decline in gait speed and cognition is associated with future dementia: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"49","author":"Montero-Odasso","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d7679","article-title":"How fast does the Grim Reaper walk? Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis in healthy men aged 70 and over","volume":"343","author":"Stanaway","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-171465","article-title":"Correlation of the gait speed with the quality of life and the quality of life classified according to speed-based community ambulation in Thai stroke survivors","volume":"41","author":"Khanittanuphong","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls255","article-title":"Independent domains of gait in older adults and associated motor and nonmotor attributes: validation of a factor analysis approach","volume":"68","author":"Lord","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anang N Jailani R Tahir NM Manaf H Mustafah N . Analysis of kinematic gait parameters in chronic stroke survivors. Presented at: 2016 IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE); May 30-31, 2016; Penang, Malaysia. [doi: 10.1109\/ISCAIE.2016.7575037]","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAIE.2016.7575037"},{"issue":"3","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.07.005","article-title":"Effect of end-stage hip, knee, and ankle osteoarthritis on walking mechanics","volume":"42","author":"Schmitt","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.915453","article-title":"Lower extremity exoskeletons and active orthoses: challenges and state-of-the-art","volume":"24","author":"Dollar","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Robot"},{"issue":"5","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.12.010","article-title":"Robot assisted treadmill training: mechanisms and training strategies","volume":"33","author":"Hussain","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"issue":"14","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2016.1157865","article-title":"Proximal placement of lateral thigh skin markers reduces soft tissue artefact during normal gait using the Conventional Gait Model","volume":"19","author":"Cockcroft","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110460","article-title":"Using deep neural networks for kinematic analysis: challenges and opportunities","volume":"123","author":"Cronin","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3135879","article-title":"Accuracy of temporo-spatial and lower limb joint kinematics parameters using openpose for various gait patterns with orthosis","volume":"29","author":"Yamamoto","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111338","article-title":"The development and evaluation of a fully automated markerless motion capture workflow","volume":"144","author":"Needham","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbondanza P Giancola S Sala R Tarabini M . Accuracy of the microsoft kinect system in the identification of the body posture. In: Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare. Springer International Publishing; 2017. [doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-58877-3_37]","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58877-3_37"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2929257","article-title":"OpenPose: realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation using part affinity fields","volume":"43","author":"Cao","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"6","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14319","article-title":"The accuracy of markerless motion capture combined with computer vision techniques for measuring running kinematics","volume":"33","author":"Van Hooren","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110665","article-title":"Concurrent assessment of gait kinematics using marker-based and markerless motion capture","volume":"127","author":"Kanko","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110414","article-title":"Assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters using a deep learning algorithm-based markerless motion capture system","volume":"122","author":"Kanko","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2024.p0169","article-title":"Development of a living laboratory to verify assistive technology in simulated indoor and outdoor spaces","volume":"28","author":"Kato","journal-title":"JACIII"},{"issue":"5","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb05006.x","article-title":"Stair negotiation in older people: a review","volume":"48","author":"Startzell","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.4.355","article-title":"Walking strategies during the transition between level and hill surfaces","volume":"27","author":"Gottschall","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2011.07.004","article-title":"At similar angles, slope walking has a greater fall risk than stair walking","volume":"43","author":"Sheehan","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl077","article-title":"Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls?","volume":"35 Suppl 2","author":"Horak","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.06.003","article-title":"The demands of stair descent relative to maximum capacities in elderly and young adults","volume":"18","author":"Reeves","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.09.009","article-title":"Older adults employ alternative strategies to operate within their maximum capabilities when ascending stairs","volume":"19","author":"Reeves","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"R27","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.09.003","article-title":"The reliability of three-dimensional kinematic gait measurements: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"McGinley","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"867474","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.867474","article-title":"Absolute reliability of gait parameters acquired with markerless motion capture in living domains","volume":"16","author":"Riazati","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"R30","unstructured":"Ministry of Land IT, Tourism. Ordinance for enforcement of the Building Standards Act. Government of Japan. 2024. URL: https:\/\/laws.e-gov.go.jp\/law\/325CO0000000338\/ [Accessed 18-04-2025]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.07.007","article-title":"Two simple methods for determining gait events during treadmill and overground walking using kinematic data","volume":"27","author":"Zeni","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1519\/15184.1","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-6362(01)00162-x","article-title":"Stair ascent and descent at different inclinations","volume":"15","author":"Riener","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2024.104142","article-title":"Investigation of stair ascending and descending activities on the lifespan of hip implants","volume":"126","author":"Alpkaya","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.867485","article-title":"Feasibility of markerless motion capture for three-dimensional gait assessment in community settings","volume":"16","author":"McGuirk","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-007-0094-y","article-title":"An occlusion metric for selecting robust camera configurations","volume":"19","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Mach Vis Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080310","article-title":"Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking","volume":"8","author":"Kadaba","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.03.008","article-title":"Gait adaptations to different paths of stair descent","volume":"38","author":"Gallagher","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1026299","article-title":"Gait strategies for individuals with knee osteoarthritis when transitioning between floor and stair walking","volume":"14","author":"Chai","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.05.005","article-title":"The effects of sloped surfaces on locomotion: a kinematic and kinetic analysis","volume":"39","author":"Lay","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"13","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.07.025","article-title":"Gait dynamics on an inclined walkway","volume":"39","author":"McIntosh","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.09.010","article-title":"Hip, knee, ankle kinematics and kinetics during stair ascent and descent in healthy young individuals","volume":"22","author":"Protopapadaki","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.01.025","article-title":"Whole-body angular momentum during stair ascent and descent","volume":"39","author":"Silverman","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"7","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288438","article-title":"Risky behavior during stair descent for young adults: Differences in men versus women","volume":"18","author":"Cho","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"13","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409293311301","article-title":"A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community","volume":"331","author":"Tinetti","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239148","article-title":"Lower limb joint biomechanics-based identification of gait transitions in between level walking and stair ambulation","volume":"15","author":"Grimmer","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"23","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13233561","article-title":"Robot-aided motion analysis inneurorehabilitation: benefits and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Bonanno","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02196-x","article-title":"Database covering the prayer movements which were not available previously","volume":"10","author":"Mihcin","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06639-2","article-title":"Identification of care tasks for the use of wearable transfer support robots - an observational study at nursing facilities using robots on a daily basis","volume":"21","author":"Kato","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08952-w","article-title":"A rise-assisting robot extends life space and improves facial expressions of nursing home residents","volume":"22","author":"Kato","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1-9","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2024.2409289","article-title":"Electrocardiogram and respiration recordings show a reduction in the physical burden on professional caregivers when performing care tasks with a transfer support robot","volume":"21","author":"Kato","journal-title":"Assist Technol"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110422","article-title":"Inter-session repeatability of markerless motion capture gait kinematics","volume":"121","author":"Kanko","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111182","article-title":"Clothing condition does not affect meaningful clinical interpretation in markerless motion capture","volume":"141","author":"Keller","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049199","article-title":"Wearable motion capture system evaluation for biomechanical studies for hip joints","volume":"143","author":"Mihcin","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"}],"container-title":["JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rehab.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e66886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:28:22Z","timestamp":1785536902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rehab.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e66886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":54,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/66886","relation":{},"ISSN":["2369-2529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2369-2529","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"article-number":"v12i4e66886"}}