{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:48:41Z","timestamp":1793033321422,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n People with tic disorders (TDs)\u2014such as Tourette syndrome\u2014report poorer quality of life compared to non-TD peers, and experience considerable difficulties, including societal stigmatization and barriers to accessing health care and evidence-based interventions. Peer support can help improve psychological outcomes, and online support communities (OSCs) are one way to access psychological support. Empowerment involves improving an individual\u2019s cognitive processes to increase their ability to assert control over their health condition. OSCs have been suggested to facilitate empowerment, but this has not yet been investigated in users of OSCs for TDs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to explore empowerment processes and outcomes present in OSCs as perceived and reported by users of OSCs for TDs living with a TD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A web-based survey of current users of OSCs for TDs (n=39) was conducted in summer 2022. The survey included four free-text questions about the impact of using OSCs for TDs in relation to empowerment, such as how it has affected their interactions with health care professionals (HCPs), decisions about treatment, and their experiences of living with a TD. Survey responses were analyzed using deductive and inductive reflexive thematic analysis guided by an initial coding structure derived from the empowering processes and outcomes theoretical framework.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Analysis of responses identified a range of empowering processes (eg, exchanging information, encountering emotional support, finding recognition, and sharing experiences) and outcomes (eg, being better informed, feeling more confident in the relationship with HCPs and in making treatment decisions, and enhanced well-being) as related to OSC use in people with TDs that were consistent with the theoretical framework. Additionally, the process of changing stereotypes and stigma, the outcomes of raising awareness, and \u201cone size does not fit all\u201d were identified. A small number of disempowering processes and outcomes were identified, notably the outcome of feeling less confident in the relationship with HCPs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n These findings contribute to evidence for empowerment processes and outcomes experienced by users of health OSCs generally and highlight unique aspects of empowerment for users of OSCs with TDs and how these affect their experiences. OSCs appear to be an important tool in improving mental well-being through validation and recognition from peers, related to the acknowledgment of feelings of imposterism. Using OSCs can expand knowledge through exchanging information and experiences they may not have otherwise had access to\u2014increasing empowerment through improvements in self-management and confidence in treatment decisions. However, this can also decrease trust in HCPs and negatively impact relationships due to decreased hope of assistance and fear of stigmatization for using OSCs. The authors suggest that recommendations regarding the use of OSCs are presented in self-management guidelines concerning coping strategies and the importance of peer support in living with tics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/66912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T06:10:07Z","timestamp":1753164607000},"page":"e66912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring Empowerment in Online Support Communities for People Living With Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome: Qualitative Survey Study of User Experiences"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4565-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella C","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9940-909X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil S","family":"Coulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3134-0879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E Bethan","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.08.010"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-021-00231-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","first-page":"23","volume":"27","author":"Hassan, N","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e12874"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0430-0"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-021-09829-2"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.914044"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-011-9465-y"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0823-8"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.023"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02332-3"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1387.2008.00013.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-021-00230-4"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-023-09911-x"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.00983.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","first-page":"39","volume":"26","author":"Edwards, KR","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13074"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14564"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-019-09676-2"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12118"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7489(02)00092-5"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd005352.pub2"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27648"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5654"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2018.1475532"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5260"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2010.05.029"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-13-51"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18099"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01814-6"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19910"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5869"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2008.07.044"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216318783919"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052247"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/pi.s61195"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4705"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.08.037"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/39912"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.992"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14392"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06988-y"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.01.008"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2013.11.006"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2013.04.004"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1575-8"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55361"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34403"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2020.1805550"},{"key":"ref53","author":"Terry, G","year":"2017","journal-title":"Collecting Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide to Textual, Media and Virtual Techniques"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069211045474"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732307313429"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06737-1"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09753-5"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2024-301241"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726707087787"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2011.592981"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14165"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.094"},{"key":"ref65","author":"Braun, V","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijwbc.2013.051294"},{"key":"ref67","author":"Wu, M","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Clinician's Guide to Treatment and Management of Youth with Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2017.08.013"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41610"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0951484817748462"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41156"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"GroomMBabbageCSteering group policy brief: end the postcode lotteryThe Insitute of Mental Health Nottingham2025-06-24https:\/\/institutemh.org.uk\/images\/Projects_and_studies\/Projects_and_studies_images\/Tourettes_Steering_Group\/Tics_Healthcare_Policy_Brief_-_UoN.pdf"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7002"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.05.015"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/71140"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.863919"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321748"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28778"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221098522"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab316"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac028"},{"key":"ref82","unstructured":"KaleS\u2018The unknown is scary\u2019: why young women on social media are developing Tourette\u2019s-like ticsThe Guardian20212024-09-30https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2021\/nov\/16\/the-unknown-is-scary-why-young-women-on-social-media-are-developing-tourettes-like-tics"},{"key":"ref83","unstructured":"SealeJBritain\u2019s Tourette\u2019s mystery review\u2014is Tik Tok really causing the boom in tics?The Guardian20222024-09-30https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/tv-and-radio\/2022\/jul\/19\/britains-tourettes-mystery-review-tiktok-tik-attack-united-young-people-with-embarrassing-tics"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11084"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608400"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-010-0211-4"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12033"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2024.2360126"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12223"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2849"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/46858"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12111"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1011930128829"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07347332.2011.599361"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14348"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.566368"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-09-2018-0410"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.02.003"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-025-00217-6"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41855"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e66912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:59:49Z","timestamp":1785851989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e66912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":100,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/66912","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.66912","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]}}}