{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:05:06Z","timestamp":1789639506905,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Serious Games"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Pediatric patients undergoing surgery frequently experience significant anxiety, which can result in adverse effects such as prolonged sedation and behavioral changes associated with pharmacological interventions such as oral midazolam. Video games offer a nonpharmacological distraction method that shows promise in alleviating procedural anxiety without significant adverse effects. However, the effectiveness of video games compared to midazolam in managing perioperative anxiety remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of video game interventions in reducing perioperative anxiety in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, supplemented by reference screening. Primary outcomes included anxiety levels assessed during parent separation and mask induction procedures, while secondary outcomes encompassed emergence delirium, postoperative behavior, and length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 scale. Data were synthesized descriptively and through meta-analysis, with the certainty of the evidence evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Six randomized controlled trials involving 612 participants were included in the analysis. Children who participated in video game interventions reported significantly lower anxiety levels during parent separation (standardized mean difference, SMD \u22120.31, 95% CI \u22120.50 to \u22120.12;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001), with high certainty, and during mask induction (SMD \u22120.29, 95% CI \u22120.52 to \u22120.05;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.02), with moderate certainty, compared to those receiving oral midazolam. Additionally, significant differences in postoperative behavior changes in children were observed compared to oral midazolam (SMD \u22120.35, 95% CI \u22120.62 to \u22120.09;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.008). Children in the video game intervention groups also had a shorter length of stay in the PACU (mean difference, MD \u221219.43 min, 95% CI \u221231.71 to \u22127.16;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.002). However, no significant differences were found in emergence delirium (MD \u22122.01, 95% CI \u22124.62 to 0.59;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.13).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Video game interventions were more effective than midazolam in reducing perioperative anxiety among pediatric patients, improving postoperative behavior, and shortening the length of stay in the PACU. However, video games alone did not outperform midazolam in managing emergence delirium. Further high-quality research is needed for more conclusive results.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/67007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T17:15:56Z","timestamp":1741626956000},"page":"e67007-e67007","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Efficacy of Video Games Versus Midazolam in Reducing Perioperative Anxiety in Pediatric Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0108-9088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyue","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4455-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sisi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2119-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruihao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5469-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2021.10.002","article-title":"Anxiety and pain in children undergoing surgery: a scoping review","volume":"37","author":"Mathias","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001473","article-title":"Role of anxiety in young children\u2019s pain memory development after surgery","volume":"160","author":"Fischer","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2920","article-title":"Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery","volume":"118","author":"Kain","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.620","article-title":"Symptoms of anxiety and depression in surgical patients at the hospital, 6 weeks and 6 months postsurgery: a questionnaire study","volume":"8","author":"Sveinsd\u00f3ttir","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000136471.36680.97","article-title":"Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors","volume":"99","author":"Kain","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"12","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03021583","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical update: does premedication with oral midazolam lead to improved behavioural outcomes in children?","volume":"53","author":"Cox","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Gropper MA . 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