{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T13:19:41Z","timestamp":1789823981537,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a clear need for enhanced mental health assessment, depressive symptom (DS) evaluation being no exception. A promising approach to this aim is using virtual reality (VR), which entails the potential of adding a wider set of assessment domains with enhanced ecological validity. However, whilst several studies have used VR for both diagnostic and treatment purposes, its acceptance, in particular how exposure to virtual environments affects populations with psychiatric conditions remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to report on the acceptability, usability, and cybersickness levels of a pilot VR environment designed for the purpose of differentiating between individuals with DSs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exploratory study, conducted in Italy, included 50 healthy controls and 50 young adults with mild-to-moderate DSs (without the need for a formal diagnosis). The study used an observational design with approximately 30 minutes of VR exposure followed by a self-report questionnaire battery. The battery included a questionnaire based on the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability, the System Usability Scale as well as the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results indicate that the majority found VR acceptable for the purposes of mental health screening and treatment. However, for diagnostics, there was a clear preference for VR to be used by mental health professionals as a supplementary tool, as opposed to a stand-alone solution. In practice, following exposure to the pilot VR environment, generally, good levels of acceptability and usability were reported, but areas in need of improvement were identified (such as self-efficacy). Self-reported cybersickness levels were comparable to literature averages but were considerably higher among those with DSs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings raise questions about the potential interplay between underlying somatic symptoms of depression and VR-induced cybersickness and call for more attention from the scientific community both in terms of methodology as well as potential clinical and theoretical implications. Conclusively, user support indicates a potential for VR to aid mental health assessment, but further research is needed to understand how exposure to virtual environments might affect populations with varying severity and other forms of psychiatric symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RR2-10.1186\/ISRCTN16396369<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/68132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T04:55:07Z","timestamp":1741668907000},"page":"e68132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Acceptability, Usability, and Insights Into Cybersickness Levels of a Novel Virtual Reality Environment for the Evaluation of Depressive Symptoms: Exploratory Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3468-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Sutori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8572-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma Ther\u00e9se","family":"Eliasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6288-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9030-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Catrambonephd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0556-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerg\u00f6","family":"Hadlaczky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0928-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Luca","family":"Alfeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7763-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Cardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1031-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario G C A","family":"Cimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1212-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Mioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano Alca\u00f1iz","family":"Raya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6574-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Valenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2579-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Gentili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3826"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01040-7"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.000786"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11919\/j.issn.1002-0829.216073"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.2\/lvalmaggia"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-023-00040-z"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2016-0076"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00828-5"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102213"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102480"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.05.098"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11121341"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09050614"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.002"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.14.2101"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2031-8"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2020.1774080"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00349.x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0497"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/52326"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/43240"},{"key":"ref25","author":"Mura, F","year":"2025","journal-title":"NA"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.09516"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107550"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-u"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.54.6.1063"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.04.011"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07577-3"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"189","author":"Brooke, J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Usability Evaluation in Industry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/humanfactors.4570"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2835587.2835589"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BimbergPWeisskerTKulikAOn the usage of the simulator sickness questionnaire for virtual reality research2020IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)March 22-26, 2020Atlanta, GA464467","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00098"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.739742"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.945800"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102958"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"WickhamHFran\u00e7oisRHenryLM\u00fcllerKVaughanDDplyr: A grammar of data manipulationTidyverse20232025-03-21https:\/\/dplyr.tidyverse.org"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"AdlerDKellySElliottTAdamsonJVioplot: Violin plotGitHub20242025-03-21https:\/\/github.com\/TomKellyGenetics\/vioplot"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"WickhamHGgplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysisTidyverse20162025-03-21https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"RevelleWPsych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality researchThe Comprehensive R Archive Network20242025-03-21https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"KassambaraARstatix: Pipe-friendly framework for basic statistical testsDatanovia20232025-03-21https:\/\/rpkgs.datanovia.com\/rstatix\/"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00772","volume":"3","author":"L\u00fcdecke, D","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Open Res Softw"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"ChristensenRHBOrdinal: Regression models for ordinal dataThe Comprehensive R Archive Network20232025-03-21https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ordinal"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v032.i10"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CarliVGentiliCEXPERIENCE: Is virtual reality suitable to identify differences between depressed and healthy individuals?International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry20222025-03-21https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/isrctn16396369","DOI":"10.1186\/ISRCTN16396369"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12744"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48916"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001945"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33681"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00782-3"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07726-y"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-024-00069-8"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2018-102891"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.828410"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113434"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3670008"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7050047"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds3040027"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/pcc.v07n0405"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17233"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24387"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105124"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy194"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301886"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.791123"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.893637"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e68132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:00:59Z","timestamp":1785852059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e68132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/68132","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.68132","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]}}}