{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:23:38Z","timestamp":1786523018777,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The accurate measurement of physical behaviors (PBs) and eating behaviors (EBs) is critical for designing, monitoring, and implementing public health guidelines and intervention strategies. The objective of the Wearable Sensor Assessment of Physical and Eating Behaviours (WEALTH) project was to develop standardized methods to identify daily PBs and EBs from wearable research- and consumer-grade sensors and evaluate the interaction and contexts of these behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this paper is to describe the study design and methods and report on the descriptive characteristics of the participants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Within the framework of the WEALTH project, a cross-sectional study (spring 2023 to spring 2024) was completed in 5 European research centers in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, and Ireland. In each center, participants attended a research lab, completed an online questionnaire, and provided measures of anthropometry and handgrip strength. The participants were then fitted with 2 research-grade and 2 consumer-grade devices and participated in a standardized semistructured lab-based activity protocol. The latter was specifically designed to collect labeled data that simulated common PBs and EBs typical for a daily routine. Participants were then followed during a 9-day free-living data collection period, which combined the assessment of PB and EB via wearable devices and time-based, event-based, and self-initiated ecological momentary assessments (EMAs). The EMA surveys were complemented by three 24-hour dietary recalls, using validated web-based programs. Upon the completion of the survey protocol, participants completed a questionnaire that assessed the feasibility of the procedures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The final sample includes 627 participants, of whom 44% (n=275) were male. The mean age was 32.7 (SD 13.3) years, and the mean body mass index was 24.5 (SD 4.0) kg\/m\u00b2. The WEALTH study data will be used to develop machine learning (ML) models for classifying daily activities from wrist and hip-worn accelerometer data, evaluate EMA methods for studying interactions between PB and EB, and evaluate the feasibility and compliance of the methods. Data processing and ML model development are currently underway, with primary results expected to be published in 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The output of the WEALTH project will be provided via a repository and a comprised toolbox of publicly available labeled data, ML models for behavior classification from accelerometer data, and a methodology to simultaneously capture EB and PB, thereby producing an integrated data collection system to support future research.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/70186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:25:10Z","timestamp":1765355110000},"page":"e70186-e70186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Standardized Methods for Evaluating Physical and Eating Behaviors: The WEALTH Cross-Sectional Study Protocol"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6251-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grainne","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4983-6557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greet","family":"Cardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6712-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Cimler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5070-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steriani","family":"Elavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopold","family":"Fezeu K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6238-7031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janas M","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitka","family":"K\u00fchnov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0324-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Oppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-5024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Sigcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3321-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pepijn","family":"Van de Ven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2529-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Vetrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0892-6591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine B","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7354-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antje","family":"Hebestreit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6874-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan E","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280217710835","article-title":"Compositional data analysis for physical activity, sedentary time and sleep research","volume":"27","author":"Dumuid","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02824-8","article-title":"Association of the American Heart Association\u2019s new \u201cLife\u2019s Essential 8\u201d with all-cause and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality: prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Sun","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0636-2","article-title":"A systematic literature review of reviews on techniques for physical activity measurement in adults: a DEDIPAC study","volume":"15","author":"Dowd","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"7","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5969","article-title":"A mobile ecological momentary assessment tool (devilSPARC) for nutrition and physical activity behaviors in college students: a validation study","volume":"18","author":"Bruening","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0397-3","article-title":"Variation in population levels of sedentary time in European adults according to cross-European studies: a systematic literature review within DEDIPAC","volume":"13","author":"Loyen","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"4","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2021-0023","article-title":"Simultaneous validation of count-to-activity thresholds for five commonly used activity monitors in adolescent research: a step toward data harmonization","volume":"4","author":"Hayes","journal-title":"J Meas Phys Behav"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Laerhoven K Wenzel M Geelen A et al. Experiences from a wearable-mobile acquisition system for ambulatory assessment of diet and activity. Presented at: iWOAR \u201917; Sep 21-22, 2017; Rostock, Germany. [doi: 10.1145\/3134230.3134239]","DOI":"10.1145\/3134230.3134239"},{"issue":"5","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20966","article-title":"Usability and accuracy of a smartwatch for the assessment of physical activity in the elderly population: observational study","volume":"9","author":"Martinato","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"3","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-019-00392-7","article-title":"The validity of two widely used commercial and research-grade activity monitors, during resting, household and activity behaviours","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","journal-title":"Health Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18694","article-title":"Reliability and validity of commercially available wearable devices for measuring steps, energy expenditure, and heart rate: systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.12.003","article-title":"Calibration and validation of accelerometer-based activity monitors: a systematic review of machine-learning approaches","volume":"68","author":"Farrahi","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2019-0088","article-title":"Application of raw accelerometer data and machine-learning techniques to characterize human movement behavior: a systematic scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Narayanan","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/10\/1728","article-title":"Investigating optimal accelerometer placement for energy expenditure prediction in children using a machine learning approach","volume":"37","author":"Mackintosh","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"11","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/11\/1769","article-title":"Device-based monitoring in physical activity and public health research","volume":"33","author":"Bassett","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"5","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051168","article-title":"Assessing eating behaviour using upper limb mounted motion sensors: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Heydarian","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3341077","article-title":"Detecting eating episodes from wrist motion using daily pattern analysis","volume":"28","author":"Tang","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"10","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3422875","article-title":"Eating speed measurement using wrist-worn imu sensors towards free-living environments","volume":"28","author":"Wang","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00080","article-title":"Future directions for integrative objective assessment of eating using wearable sensing technology","volume":"7","author":"Skinner","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000092","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment in physical activity research","volume":"45","author":"Dunton","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"R20","unstructured":"Healthy Diet Healthy Life. URL: https:\/\/www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu\/ [Accessed 28-02-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.14288\/hfjc.v11i1.260","article-title":"The 2018 Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) and electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+)","volume":"11","author":"Warburton","journal-title":"Health Fit J Can"},{"issue":"6","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection","volume":"30","author":"Ware","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.05.003","article-title":"Effect of self-selected handgrip position on maximal handgrip strength","volume":"86","author":"Boadella","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1130(12)80349-8","article-title":"Effect of warm-up prior to maximal grip contractions","volume":"5","author":"Marion","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/63.8.1260","article-title":"Relationship between verbal command volume and magnitude of muscle contraction","volume":"63","author":"Johansson","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"R26","first-page":"280","volume":"72","author":"Balogun","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.12.007","article-title":"The short-term reliability of grip strength measurement and the effects of posture and grip span","volume":"30","author":"Watanabe","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2016.02.002","article-title":"Considerations when using the activPAL monitor in field-based research with adult populations","volume":"6","author":"Edwardson","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S531","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000185657.86065.98","article-title":"Conducting accelerometer-based activity assessments in field-based research","volume":"37","author":"Trost","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134606","article-title":"Reliability of the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer in adults under free-living conditions","volume":"10","author":"Aadland","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8032","article-title":"Validation of Fitbit Charge 2 and Fitbit Alta HR against polysomnography for assessing sleep in adults with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"15","author":"Moreno-Pino","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4446-x","article-title":"Development and evaluation of two web-based interventions for the promotion of physical activity in older adults: study protocol for a community-based controlled intervention trial","volume":"17","author":"Muellmann","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318772","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment of physical and eating behaviours: the WEALTH feasibility and optimisation study with recommendations for large-scale data collection","volume":"20","author":"Janek","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241262710","article-title":"Fitbit\u2019s accuracy to measure short bouts of stepping and sedentary behaviour: validation, sensitivity and specificity study","volume":"10","author":"Delobelle","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"R35","unstructured":"Etude NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 [Website in French]. URL: https:\/\/etude-nutrinet-sante.fr\/ [Accessed 28-02-2026]"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebestreit A Wolters M Jilani H Eiben G Pala V . Web-based 24-h dietary recall: the SACANA program. In: Instruments for Health Surveys in Children and Adolescents. Springer; 2019:77-102. [doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-98857-3_5]","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98857-3_5"},{"issue":"9","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww016","article-title":"Comparison of dietary intakes between a large online cohort study (Etude NutriNet-Sant\u00e9) and a nationally representative cross-sectional study (Etude Nationale Nutrition Sant\u00e9) in France: addressing the issue of generalizability in e-epidemiology","volume":"184","author":"Andreeva","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000057","article-title":"Validation of a Web-based, self-administered, non-consecutive-day dietary record tool against urinary biomarkers","volume":"113","author":"Lassale","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pala V Reisch LA Lissner L . Dietary behaviour in children, adolescents and families: the eating habits questionnaire (EHQ). In: Instruments for Health Surveys in Children and Adolescents. Springer; 2019:103-133. [doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-98857-3_6]","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98857-3_6"},{"issue":"11","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.09.001","article-title":"Epidemiologic analyses with error-prone exposures: review of current practice and recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Shaw","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2009.01223.x","article-title":"Modeling data with excess zeros and measurement error: application to evaluating relationships between episodically consumed foods and health outcomes","volume":"65","author":"Kipnis","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.003","article-title":"A new statistical method for estimating the usual intake of episodically consumed foods with application to their distribution","volume":"106","author":"Tooze","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigcha L Swenne A Kuhnova J et al. Data labelling for free-living physical activity recognition using thigh-worn wearables and event-based ecological momentary assessment. Research Square. Preprint posted online on Aug 5, 2025. [doi: 10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6835979\/v1]","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6835979\/v1"},{"issue":"1","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000874","article-title":"Thigh-worn accelerometry for measuring movement and posture across the 24-hour cycle: a scoping review and expert statement","volume":"6","author":"Stevens","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03960-3","article-title":"CAPTURE-24: a large dataset of wrist-worn activity tracker data collected in the wild for human activity recognition","volume":"11","author":"Chan","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"R46","unstructured":"Guidelines 05\/2020 on consent under regulation 2016\/679. European Data Protection Board; 2020. URL: https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_guidelines_202005_consent_en.pdf [Accessed 25-02-2026]"},{"key":"R47","unstructured":"Guidelines on transparency under regulation 2016\/679. European Data Protection Board; 2017. URL: https:\/\/www.edpb.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2023-09\/wp260rev01_en.pdf [Accessed 25-02-2026]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.1997.0021","article-title":"Convention for protection of human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology and biomedicine: convention on human rights and biomedicine","volume":"7","author":"Council of Europe","journal-title":"Kennedy Inst Ethics J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110182521.391","article-title":"Additional protocol to the convention on human rights and biomedicine, concerning biomedical research","volume":"10","author":"Council of Europe","journal-title":"Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Ethik"},{"key":"R50","unstructured":"IEA guidelines for proper conduct of epidemiological research. Yumpu. 2007. URL: https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/view\/19409945\/iea-guidelines-for-proper-conduct-of-epidemiological-research-hrsa [Accessed 25-02-2026]"},{"key":"R51","unstructured":"International ethical guidelines for health-related research involving humans. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences; 2016. URL: https:\/\/cioms.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/WEB-CIOMS-EthicalGuidelines.pdf [Accessed 25-02-2026]"},{"key":"R52","unstructured":"WEALTH. URL: https:\/\/wealth-stamify.com\/ [Accessed 28-02-2026]"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e70186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:58:42Z","timestamp":1782842322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e70186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/70186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"article-number":"v15i12e70186"}}