{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:58:05Z","timestamp":1782845885274,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Ment Health"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of video consultations in mental health care, highlighting the importance of therapeutic alliances for successful treatment outcomes in both face-to-face and web-based settings. Telepresence, the sense of being present with the mental health specialist (MHS) rather than feeling remote, is a critical component of building a strong therapeutic alliance in video consultations. While patients often report high telepresence levels, MHSs express concerns about whether video consultations can replicate the quality of face-to-face interactions. Despite its importance, research on telepresence development in MHSs over time and the dyadic interplay between patients and MHSs remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to evaluate the mutual influence within patient-MHS dyads on telepresence development during video consultations, using data from a randomized controlled trial assessing the feasibility of video consultations for depression and anxiety disorders in primary care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The study included 22 patient-MHS dyads (22 patients, 4 MHSs). Telepresence was measured using the Telepresence in Videoconference Scale. Dyadic data were analyzed using the actor-partner interdependence model with a distinguishable dyad structural equation model. Actor effects refer to the impact of an individual\u2019s telepresence at time point 1 (T1) on their telepresence at time point 2 (T2), while partner effects represent the influence of one party\u2019s telepresence at T1 on the other\u2019s telepresence at T2. Sensitivity analyses excluded data from individual MHSs to account for their unique effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A significant actor effect for MHSs (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001) indicated a high temporal stability of telepresence between T1 and T2. In contrast, the actor effect for patients was not statistically significant, suggesting a greater variability between T1 and T2. No significant partner effects for both patients and MHSs were observed, suggesting no mutual influence between dyad members. Age was a significant covariate for telepresence in both groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Consistent with prior findings, MHSs experienced increased telepresence over time, whereas patients reported high telepresence levels from the start of therapy. The lack of dyadic influence highlights the need for further exploration into factors affecting telepresence development, such as age, technical proficiency, and prior treatment experience. Future studies with larger samples and more sessions are necessary to enhance the generalizability of these findings and to optimize the use of video consultations in mental health care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/70415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T18:51:40Z","timestamp":1754938300000},"page":"e70415-e70415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Telepresence Among Patients and Psychotherapists in the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model: Longitudinal Observational Study of 20 Dyads From a Randomized Trial on Video Consultations in Primary Care"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus W","family":"Haun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6809-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"van Eickels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0619-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Stephan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0308-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justus","family":"T\u00f6nnies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9329-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mechthild","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6569-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Wensing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4483-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Szecsenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4882-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Icks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4344-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Friederich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2020.0575","article-title":"Clinician Satisfaction with Rapid Adoption and Implementation of Telehealth Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"27","author":"Gentry","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30077-8","article-title":"Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Liu","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2024.89486","article-title":"Characterizing telehealth use in the US: analysis of the 2022 health information national trends survey","volume":"30","author":"Raj","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X211025943","article-title":"Exploring telemental health practice before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022186","article-title":"Alliance in individual psychotherapy","volume":"48","author":"Horvath","journal-title":"Psychotherapy (Chic)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20973","article-title":"The alliance construct in psychotherapies: from evolution to revolution in theory and research","volume":"21","author":"Muran","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102430","article-title":"The association between quality of therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in teletherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Aafjes-van Doorn","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2023.2233685","article-title":"Empathy, working alliance, treatment expectancy and credibility in video and face-to-face psychotherapeutic first contact","volume":"34","author":"Schoenenberg","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X231161774","article-title":"Therapeutic alliance in videoconferencing psychotherapy compared to psychotherapy in person: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Seuling","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"4","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-024-01361-7","article-title":"The effects of switching to video therapy on in-session processes in psychotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"51","author":"Edelbluth","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2816","article-title":"The moderating and mediating role of telepresence and cognitive change in cognitive behaviour therapy delivered via videoconference","volume":"30","author":"Bouchard","journal-title":"Clin Psychology and Psychoth"},{"issue":"9","key":"R12","first-page":"44","volume":"2","author":"Minsky","journal-title":"Omni"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Bouchard S Robillard G Marchand A Renaud P Riva G . Presence and the bond between patients and their psychotherapists in the cognitive-behavior therapy of panic disorder with agoraphobia delivered in videoconference. Presented at: Presence 2007. 2007.URL: https:\/\/matthewlombard.com\/ISPR\/Proceedings\/2007\/Bouchard,%20Robillard,%20Marchand,%20and%20Riva.pdf"},{"issue":"6","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062147","article-title":"Telepsychology in Europe since COVID-19: how to foster social telepresence?","volume":"12","author":"Haddouk","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R15","volume":"167","author":"Bouchard","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"issue":"6","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1089\/109493100452264","article-title":"Cognitive sults","volume":"3","author":"Bouchard","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.12.010","article-title":"Videoconferencing-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"44","author":"Himle","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1258\/jtt.2008.080612","article-title":"Assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans by videoconferencing and by face-to-face methods","volume":"15","author":"Porcari","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"8","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2014.0165","article-title":"Patient perceptions of telemental health: systematic review of direct comparisons to in-person psychotherapeutic treatments","volume":"21","author":"Jenkins-Guarnieri","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2095","article-title":"Patient perceptions of telehealth primary care video visits","volume":"15","author":"Powell","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"Janssen R Prins H van Hout A Nauta J Hettinga M Krieke L . Videoconferencing in mental health care. professional dilemmas in a changing health care practice. Presented at: eTELEMED 2015: The Seventh International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine; Feb 22-27, 2015; Lisbon, Portugal."},{"issue":"11","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047829","article-title":"Health providers\u2019 experiences with mental health specialist video consultations in primary care: a qualitative study nested within a randomised feasibility trial","volume":"11","author":"Haun","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12538","article-title":"Videoconferencing versus face\u2010to\u2010face psychotherapy: insights from patients and psychotherapists about comparability of therapeutic alliance, empathy and treatment characteristics","volume":"23","author":"Leuchtenberg","journal-title":"Couns Psychother Res"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2022.100571","article-title":"Online consultations in mental healthcare: modelling determinants of use and experience based on an international survey study at the onset of the pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Van Daele","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"issue":"4","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-021-09503-w","article-title":"Telepsychotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: the experience of Lebanese mental health professionals","volume":"51","author":"Tohme","journal-title":"J Contemp Psychother"},{"issue":"2","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779064582","article-title":"Telepresence in videocommunications: a study on stereoscopy and individual eye contact","volume":"37","author":"M\u00fchlbach","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"R27","volume":"18","author":"Haddouk","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cybertherapy Telemed"},{"key":"R28","volume":"16","author":"Haddouk","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cybertherapy Telemed"},{"key":"R29","unstructured":"Kenny DA Kashy DA Cook WL . Dyadic Data Analysis. Guilford Press; 2006. ISBN: 978-1-57230-986-9"},{"issue":"9","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030003","article-title":"Mental health specialist video consultations for patients with depression or anxiety disorders in primary care: protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial","volume":"9","author":"T\u00f6nnies","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22569","article-title":"Mental health specialist video consultations versus treatment-as-usual for patients with depression or anxiety disorders in primary care: randomized controlled feasibility trial","volume":"8","author":"T\u00f6nnies","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13382","article-title":"Potential for integrating mental health specialist video consultations in office-based routine primary care: cross-sectional qualitative study among family physicians","volume":"21","author":"Hoffmann","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.01.040","article-title":"A brief overview of pilot studies and their sample size justification","volume":"121","author":"Kunselman","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12230","article-title":"Giving dyadic data analysis away: a user\u2010friendly app for actor\u2013partner interdependence models","volume":"25","author":"Stas","journal-title":"Pers Relatsh"},{"issue":"4","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"R37","volume":"16","author":"Berthiaume","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cybertherapy Telemed"},{"issue":"3","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.3015","article-title":"Validation of the Italian version of the telepresence in videoconference scale (TVS) in a sample of psychologists and psychotherapists during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"31","author":"Cipolletta","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"2","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"R40","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Project. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2025. URL: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ [Accessed 30-07-2025]"},{"issue":"2","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1037\/int0000223","article-title":"Telepsychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder: impact on the working alliance","volume":"30","author":"Watts","journal-title":"J Psychother Integr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R42","first-page":"39","volume":"9","author":"Bachelor","journal-title":"J Psychother Pract Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23112","article-title":"An explanatory sequential investigation of the working alliance as a change process in videoconferencing psychotherapy","volume":"77","author":"Norwood","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"}],"container-title":["JMIR Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/mental.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e70415","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:59:07Z","timestamp":1782842347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mental.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e70415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/70415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2368-7959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2368-7959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"article-number":"v12i12e70415"}}