{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:36:23Z","timestamp":1790228183113,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an elevated risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Dietary management is a cornerstone of GDM treatment due to its beneficial effects on metabolic control. However, suboptimal adherence to dietary recommendations has diminished its potential benefits in achieving optimal glycemic outcomes. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)\u2013based interventions have emerged as a promising approach to enhance dietary compliance and glycemic control in patients with GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate the effects of a CBT-based digital dietary intervention on glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in patients with GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention group received standard care plus a digital dietary intervention based on CBT principles, delivered via a customized WeChat (Tencent Inc) mini program. This intervention included structured dietary education and behavioral strategies focused on appropriate food selection and meal sequencing. The control group received standard care alone. The primary outcome was the glycemic qualification rate, and secondary outcomes included fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose (PBG), General Self-Efficacy Scale scores, and incidence of macrosomia. Self-monitored blood glucose data were collected and analyzed at biweekly follow-up visits from enrollment until delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 200 participants, 171 completed the study. The average age was 31.2 (SD 4) years, and the average gestational age at enrollment was 26.3 (SD 1.6) weeks. Baseline HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels were similar between groups (5.2% vs 5.1%;\n                      <jats:italic>P=.<\/jats:italic>\n                      97). The glycemic qualification rate was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group at follow-up 3 (mean 87.9%, SD 14.9% vs 81.9%, SD 17.8%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.02), follow-up 4 (mean 91.0%, SD 9.9% vs 87.2%, SD 14.4 %;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.04), follow-up 5 (mean 94.0%, SD 7.4% vs 91.5%, SD 9.5%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.04), and follow-up 6 (mean 94.3%, SD 6.7% vs 91.8%, SD 8.9%). PBG levels were significantly lower in the intervention group after lunch (1 h: mean 5.9, SD 0.7 vs 6.0, SD 0.7 mmol\/L;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.0 2 h2h: 5.1, SD 0.7 vs 5.3, SD 0.8 mmol\/L;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.03) and dinner (1 h: mean 6.0, SD 0.5 vs 6.2, SD 0.6; 2 h: 5.5, SD 0.7 vs 5.7, SD 0.8 mmol\/L). However, no significant differences were observed in fasting blood glucose or PBG after breakfast between the groups. The intervention group showed significantly higher General Self-Efficacy Scale scores than the control group (mean 195.4, SD 6.9 vs 192.9, SD 5.8). The incidence of macrosomia was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (5% vs 15%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.04).\n                      <jats:sub\/>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this randomized controlled trial suggest that a CBT-based digital dietary intervention can significantly enhance glycemic control, particularly PBG levels, and may contribute to improved pregnancy outcomes with a reduced incidence of macrosomia in women with GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/71075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T12:55:06Z","timestamp":1748955306000},"page":"e71075-e71075","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Diet on Postprandial Glucose and Pregnancy Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7873-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8700-9632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7754-7317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7081-4664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengjie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8573-8535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9054-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s103","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2007.S103","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"26","author":"American Diabetes Association","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002501","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin No. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"131","author":"Caughey","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Magliano DJ Boyko EJ . IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. International Diabetes Federation; 2021."},{"issue":"9677","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.11.063","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal obesity, and adiposity in offspring","volume":"164","author":"Page","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001741","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: risk factors and recent advances in its genetics and treatment","volume":"104","author":"Petry","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24531","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"115","author":"Buchanan","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i8.1065","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: a clinical update","volume":"6","author":"Kampmann","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518001277","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy dietary carbohydrate quantity and quality, and risk of developing gestational diabetes: the Australian longitudinal study on women\u2019s health","volume":"120","author":"Looman","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010010","article-title":"Effectiveness and usability of digital tools to support dietary self-management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Adesina","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12524","article-title":"Dietary intervention strategies for ethnic Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Wan","journal-title":"Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.01.021","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: where are we now?","volume":"451","author":"Ashwal","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"7","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1366412","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis, therapy and follow-up care","volume":"122","author":"Kleinwechter","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S306","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S015","article-title":"15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in diabetes-2025","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R16","volume":"29","author":"Roozbahani","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"issue":"3","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582241275816","article-title":"Current status and future prospects of Chinese mobile apps for hypertension management","volume":"30","author":"Song","journal-title":"Health Informatics J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-07060-8","article-title":"Effect of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on lowering of blood glucose levels in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients: study protocol for a prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Pan","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000015","article-title":"Digital health interventions for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"1","author":"Leblalta","journal-title":"PLOS Digital Health"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S418520","article-title":"Correlation between glycemic variability and diabetic complications: a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Huang","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S478287","article-title":"Role of triglyceride-glucose index in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"17","author":"Pan","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054358","article-title":"Telerehabilitation as a therapeutic exercise tool versus face-to-face physiotherapy: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Tom\u00e1s","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R23","first-page":"80","volume":"19","author":"Scott","journal-title":"J Fam Health Care"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1754470X22000423","article-title":"Advances in digital CBT: where are we now, and where next?","volume":"15","author":"Thew","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Therap"},{"issue":"12","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295663","article-title":"Impact of cognitive behavioral therapy on premature ejaculation patients: a prospective, randomized controlled trial protocol","volume":"18","author":"Yang","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06459-7","article-title":"Effect of mobile-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on lowering of blood lipid levels in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients: study protocol for a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Hong","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/44939","article-title":"Efficacy of mobile-based cognitive behavioral therapy on lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Li","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55883","article-title":"Efficacy of WeChat-based digital intervention versus metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Dilimulati","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00711","article-title":"Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention on improving glycaemic, psychological, and physiological outcomes in adult patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Yang","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13195","article-title":"Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy on glycaemic control and psychological outcomes in adults with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"34","author":"Uchendu","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-1455-P","article-title":"Medical nutrition therapy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on mediterranean diet principles","volume":"67","author":"Duran","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109965","article-title":"The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention on patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"189","author":"Li","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R34","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. WHO; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112141-20210917-00528","article-title":"Guideline of diagnosis and treatment of hyperglycemia in pregnancy (2022) [Part one]","volume":"57","author":"Obstetrics Subgroup","journal-title":"Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"2","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112141-20210917-00529","article-title":"Guideline of diagnosis and treatment of hyperglycemia in pregnancy (2022) [Part two]","volume":"57","author":"Obstetrics Subgroup","journal-title":"Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108482","article-title":"Glycemic qualification rate and frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose glycemic qualification rate and frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)","volume":"170","author":"Tian","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.020","article-title":"Development and validation of the Chinese version of the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale","volume":"45","author":"Wu","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.148841","article-title":"Status of hemoglobin A1c measurement and goals for improvement: from chaos to order for improving diabetes care","volume":"57","author":"Little","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2015.11.003","article-title":"Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the effect on glycemic control","volume":"99","author":"Chrvala","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"7","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102538","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for self-care behaviors with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Fiqri","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020217","article-title":"Effects of a comprehensive dietary intervention program, promoting nutrition literacy, eating behavior, dietary quality, and gestational weight gain in Chinese urban women with normal body mass index during pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Li","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665123004822","article-title":"Dietary interventions in pregnancy for the prevention of gestational diabetes: a literature review","author":"Michalopoulou","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211243","article-title":"One hour versus two hours postprandial glucose measurement in gestational diabetes: a prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Weisz","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"28","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24280","article-title":"Psychological interventions to improve self-management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Winkley","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"9","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.03.014","article-title":"Academy of nutrition and dietetics gestational diabetes evidence-based nutrition practice guideline","volume":"118","author":"Duarte-Gardea","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2017.02.014","article-title":"A web-based clinical decision support system for gestational diabetes: automatic diet prescription and detection of insulin needs","volume":"102","author":"Caballero-Ruiz","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010159","article-title":"Regulation of postabsorptive and postprandial glucose metabolism by insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms: an integrative approach","volume":"13","author":"Dimitriadis","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030329","article-title":"High glucose promotes and aggravates the senescence and dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells in women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i7.1394","article-title":"Management of gestational diabetes mellitus  nutritional interventions: the relevance of gastric emptying","volume":"15","author":"Huang","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.11.039","article-title":"Is it time to revisit the Pedersen hypothesis in the face of the obesity epidemic?","volume":"204","author":"Catalano","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.202007_29(2).0020","article-title":"Adult breakfast habits and nutritional status: a household based cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"29","author":"Zou","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S423565","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus regarding gestational diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Tan","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6540","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo00731a","article-title":"Both macronutrient food composition and fasting insulin resistance affect postprandial glycemic responses in senior subjects","volume":"12","author":"Galarregui","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"6","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061561","article-title":"Glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) and dietary interventions for optimizing postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with T2 Diabetes: a review","volume":"12","author":"Vlachos","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e71075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:00:09Z","timestamp":1782842409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e71075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/71075","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"article-number":"v27isuppl_1e71075"}}