{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:59:06Z","timestamp":1782845946225,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n The internet is increasingly used to find health information, which often contains misinformation. Instagram is a likely source of health information online for many adults worldwide, given that there are more than 2 billion worldwide users. To date, no studies have documented the characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) claims, information accuracy, engagement with, and profitability of HBV information on Instagram.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n We aimed to document the characteristics, accuracy, engagement, and profitability of HBV misinformation on Instagram.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this cross-sectional formative study, 2 research members searched for publicly available Instagram posts using the terms \u201chepatitis b\u201d and \u201chep b\u201d and manually extracted data from the most popular posts and user profiles for each term from December 2021 to January 2022 at varying times of the day and days of the week. We applied an existing and validated health misinformation codebook, adapted for this topic, to 103 posts for 58 variables, including post characteristics, types of HBV claims (eg, treatment, prevention, and cure), accuracy of information (misinformation vs accurate, coded by hepatology clinicians), engagement (number of likes), and profitability (yes or no). We calculated descriptive statistics and applied chi-square, Fisher exact, and z tests to compare posts with certain characteristics, claims, and engagement by accuracy and profitability in Stata (version 18.0) with significance set at an \u03b1 of .05.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of the full sample, most posts had accurate (79\/103, 76.7%) versus inaccurate (24\/103, 23.3%) information about HBV. Among posts with claims about HBV treatment (18\/103, 17.5%), there were more posts that had misinformation than accurate posts (55.6% vs 44.4%; \u03c7\u00b21=12.7; P<.001). Similarly, there were higher proportions of posts with misinformation compared to posts with accurate information about cures (n=12, 75% vs 25%; Fisher P<.001), natural remedies (n=13, 92.3% vs 7.7%; Fisher P<.001), symptoms (n=15, 60% vs 40%; \u03c7\u00b21=13.2; P<.001), and censorship conspiracies (n=9, 66.7% vs 33.3%; Fisher P=.005) related to HBV. Compared to posts with accurate information, posts with misinformation had more likes on average (mean 1459.2, SD 1458.8-1459.6 vs mean 941.8, SD 941.6-942.0; z=\u2212517.4; P<.001). Significantly more posts with misinformation were for profit (39.5% vs 13.8%; \u03c7\u00b21=8.8; P=.003) than accurate posts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n HBV misinformation had more engagement than accurate information on Instagram and was more likely to be for-profit than accurate information. HBV misinformation may spread more easily than accurate information, meaning people searching for HBV on Instagram may encounter false, profit-driven claims that could affect health behaviors. Our focus on visual social media misinformation is innovative, as is our use of Instagram, an understudied platform. More research is needed to estimate the prevalence of HBV misinformation and its influence on health beliefs, behaviors, and outcomes. Improving media literacy may help reduce the influence of HBV misinformation online.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/71584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:30:07Z","timestamp":1765355407000},"page":"e71584","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Misinformation and Profitability of Hepatitis B Virus Claims on Instagram: Formative Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4455-0555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary C","family":"Warner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5250-3409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy A","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5020-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F","family":"Gallegos-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5604-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5998-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Echo L","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.23343"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29802"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5402"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33380"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-021-01004-y"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16865"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29916"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305905"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.2487"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx145"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/43749"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34218"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29322\/ijsrp.14.05.2024.p14923"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/27.8.1071"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-010-1487-0"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00197-8"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000651"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27969"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119436812.ch59","author":"El-Serag, HB","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i20.6262"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-017-1254-z"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4387"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41285-019-00106-z"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S226936"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12865\/CHSJ.40.02.02"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115398"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000000418"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"GottfriedJAmericans\u2019 social media usePew Research Center2024-04-17https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2024\/01\/31\/americans-social-media-use\/"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17187"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Members of the STROBE initiativeStrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology2025-11-07https:\/\/www.strobe-statement.org\/contributors\/"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.064"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1638410"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2019.1616442"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1929691"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.2021692"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.12.040"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31033\/ijemr.13.2.9"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029954"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07373-7"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Confronting health misinformation: the U.S. surgeon general\u2019s advisory on building a healthy information environmentOffice of the Surgeon General (OSG), US Department of Health and Human Services20212026-01-15https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/surgeon-general-misinformation-advisory.pdf"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v25i7.10842"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.06.007"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12335"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.03.018"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.21.287654"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.14763"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"ChatGPT-4OpenAI2025-05-25https:\/\/chatgpt.com\/"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e71584","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:01:08Z","timestamp":1782842468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e71584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/71584","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.71584","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]}}}