{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:59:16Z","timestamp":1782845956211,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Hum Factors"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in young people (aged 12\u201030 years), and their incidence constitutes a major health crisis. Primary youth mental health services are struggling to keep up due to overwhelming demand, the complexity and severity of young people presenting for care, and a shortage of qualified mental health professionals (MHPs). Artificial intelligence (AI) tools have the potential to facilitate necessary improvements to diagnosis, triage, and care planning for young people with emerging mental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The objective of the present scoping research was to examine beliefs and attitudes underlying MHP acceptance of AI tools in youth mental health services.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In total, 57 MHPs (\n \n mean age 35.35, SD = 9.50 years, 72% female (n = 39)) with experience working with youth populations (age 12-30) took part in study 1 that involved completing a web-based survey about the acceptability of using AI in early intervention services. During study 2, 15 MHPs also participated in 1-hour semistructured Zoom interviews. Attitudes toward the use of 2 novel AI prototypes (both of which provide recommendations for care coordination based on previously published data analyses) in youth mental health were explored. Quantitative data were interpreted using descriptive statistics, and qualitative analysis followed the thematic analysis approach.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n MHPs were more likely to agree than disagree that AI will improve youth mental health care overall (eg, n=37, 64% participants somewhat or strongly agree that the field of mental health will improve with AI). Despite voicing concerns regarding data security and privacy, MHPs also acknowledged a need for AI to improve the \u201csignal-to-noise ratio\u201d in services and address delays to care for those with severe and complex problems. Such problems were seen as pervasive across the youth mental health system and emphasize the serious costs of delaying the development and implementation of novel tools. All participating MHPs discussed the potential negative impacts of not adopting novel tools.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n MHP acceptance and uptake of novel AI tools in youth mental health services will be driven by a more complex cost-benefit analysis of both adopting and not adopting, rather than solely on their design. The costs of delay are clear, and so researchers and MHPs have a shared imperative to develop useful and meaningful clinical tools and to work jointly on integrating them into practice. Limitations of our sample (including low sample size limiting generalizability) notwithstanding, these findings should inform the future design and implementation of such tools.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/71678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T11:25:09Z","timestamp":1748431509000},"page":"e71678-e71678","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Weighing Costs and Benefits of Delay and the Acceptance of Two Decision Support Tools in Mental Health Care: Scoping Study Using Quantitative and Qualitative Data"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"McKenna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min K","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0001-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8919-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlee","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9568-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Gorban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3805-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob J","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6500-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Capon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew","family":"Varidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Aji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8832-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian B","family":"Hickie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1109-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Iorfino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562231177350","article-title":"Youth mental health: a rising public health challenge","volume":"31","author":"McGorry","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10211","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32316-5","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of mortality-related health metrics associated with mental disorders: a nationwide, register-based cohort study","volume":"394","author":"Plana-Ripoll","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002888","article-title":"A heavy burden on young minds: the global burden of mental and substance use disorders in children and youth","volume":"45","author":"Erskine","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Deaths in Australia. Australian Government - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/getmedia\/d227ae99-0fdc-4b2b-a071-283dd25c5394\/deaths-in-australia.pdf?v=20250424155259&inline=true [Accessed 23-09-2025]"},{"issue":"9","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00163-9","article-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health","volume":"11","author":"McGorry","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20933","article-title":"Youth mental health services: the right time for a global reach","volume":"21","author":"Kieling","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"S7","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01342.x","article-title":"headspace: Australia\u2019s National Youth Mental Health Foundation--where young minds come first","volume":"187","author":"McGorry","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"2","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51308","article-title":"Social and occupational outcomes for young people who attend early intervention mental health services: a longitudinal study","volume":"216","author":"Iorfino","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"5","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.13218","article-title":"Evolution of Jigsaw - a National Youth Mental Health Service","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Reilly","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000281","article-title":"A growing need for youth mental health services in Canada: examining trends in youth mental health from 2011 to 2018","volume":"29","author":"Wiens","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"s54","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s30","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.119214","article-title":"Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK","volume":"202","author":"McGorry","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12452","article-title":"Creating an innovative youth mental health service in the United Kingdom: The Norfolk Youth Service","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"KPMG Department of Health. Evaluation of the national headspace program. Australian Government\u2013Department of Health, Disability and Ageing; 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/evaluation-of-the-national-headspace-program?language=en [Accessed 23-09-2026]"},{"issue":"S9","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50383","article-title":"Right care, first time: a highly personalised and measurement-based care model to manage youth mental health","volume":"211 Suppl 9","author":"Hickie","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"10","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/40238","article-title":"Artificial intelligence applications in health care practice: scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S449474","article-title":"Integrated digital mental health care: a vision for addressing population mental health needs","volume":"17","author":"Lim","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48441","article-title":"The urgent need for an evidence-based digital mental health practice model of care for youth","volume":"11","author":"Ridout","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.08.001","article-title":"Ethical considerations for precision psychiatry: a roadmap for research and clinical practice","volume":"63","author":"Fusar-Poli","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176241302898","article-title":"Responsible AI integration in mental health research: issues, guidelines, and best practices","volume":"47","author":"Beg","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176241260819","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for psychotherapy: a review of the current state and future directions","volume":"47","author":"Beg","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176241300569","article-title":"Exploring the potential and challenges of digital and AI-driven psychotherapy for ADHD, OCD, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders: a comprehensive narrative review","author":"Beg","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13030250","article-title":"Understanding psychosocial barriers to healthcare technology adoption: a review of TAM technology acceptance model and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and UTAUT frameworks","volume":"13","author":"Lee","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammenwerth E . Technology Acceptance Models in Health Informatics: TAM and UTAUT. IOS Press; 2019. [doi: 10.3233\/SHTI190111]","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI190111"},{"issue":"6","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33368","article-title":"The drivers of acceptance of artificial intelligence-powered care pathways among medical professionals: web-based survey study","volume":"6","author":"Cornelissen","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2022.2071255","article-title":"Technology adoption: an analysis of the major models and theories","volume":"36","author":"Yadegari","journal-title":"Technology Analysis & Strategic Management"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2021.100459","article-title":"Acceptance towards digital health interventions - model validation and further development of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology","volume":"26","author":"Philippi","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/57224","article-title":"Predictors of health care practitioners\u2019 intention to use AI-enabled clinical decision support systems: meta-analysis based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology","volume":"26","author":"Dingel","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/46859","article-title":"Attitudes toward the adoption of 2 artificial intelligence-enabled mental health tools among prospective psychotherapists: cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Kleine","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors"},{"issue":"8","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082865","article-title":"Identifying the roles of healthcare leaders in HIT implementation: a scoping review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence","volume":"17","author":"Laukka","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2016.09.007","article-title":"A literature review for large-scale health information system project planning, implementation and evaluation","volume":"97","author":"Sligo","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/49577","article-title":"Health care professionals\u2019 views on the use of passive sensing, AI, and machine learning in mental health care: systematic review with meta-synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Rogan","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152404","article-title":"A multidimensional approach for differentiating the clinical needs of young people presenting for primary mental health care","volume":"126","author":"Capon","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.1787","article-title":"A prognostic model for predicting functional impairment in youth mental health services","volume":"67","author":"Iorfino","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2019.101753","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of psychiatry: Insights from a global physician survey","volume":"102","author":"Doraiswamy","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207418","article-title":"Computerization and the future of primary care: a survey of general practitioners in the UK","volume":"13","author":"Blease","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12802","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of primary care: exploratory qualitative study of UK general practitioners\u2019 views","volume":"21","author":"Blease","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17704","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to the adoption of mobile health among health care professionals from the United Kingdom: discrete choice experiment","volume":"8","author":"Leigh","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"9","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388","article-title":"Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations","volume":"89","author":"O\u2019Brien","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33060","article-title":"Informing the future of integrated digital and clinical mental health care: synthesis of the outcomes from project synergy","volume":"9","author":"LaMonica","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenna S Piper S Capon W et al. The polarization of clinician and service staff perspectives after the use of health information technology in youth mental health services: implementation and evaluation study (preprint). JMIR Human Factors. [doi: 10.2196\/preprints.42993]","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.42993"},{"issue":"2","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.2155","article-title":"A systematic review of algorithm aversion in augmented decision making","volume":"33","author":"Burton","journal-title":"Behavioral Decision Making"}],"container-title":["JMIR Human Factors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e71678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:01:23Z","timestamp":1782842483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e71678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/71678","relation":{},"ISSN":["2292-9495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2292-9495","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"article-number":"v12i3e71678"}}