{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:00:09Z","timestamp":1782846009464,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Cancer"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots may be useful tools for supporting shared prostate cancer (PrCA) screening decisions, but the information produced by these tools sometimes lack quality or credibility. \u201cProstate Cancer Info\u201d is a custom GPT chatbot developed to provide plain-language PrCA information only from websites of key authorities on cancer and peer-reviewed literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this paper was to evaluate the accuracy, completeness, and readability of Prostate Cancer Info\u2019s responses to frequently asked PrCA screening questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 23 frequently asked PrCA questions were individually input into Prostate Cancer Info. Responses were recorded in Microsoft Word and reviewed by 2 raters for their accuracy and completeness. Readability of content was determined by pasting responses into a web-based Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease Scores calculator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Responses to all questions were accurate and culturally appropriate. In total, 17 of the 23 questions (74%) had complete responses. The average readability of responses was 64.5 (SD 8.7; written at an 8th-grade level).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Generative AI chatbots, such as Prostate Cancer Info, are great starting places for learning about PrCA screening and preparing men to engage in shared decision-making but should not be used as independent sources of PrCA information because key information may be omitted. Men are encouraged to use these tools to complement information received from a health care provider.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/72522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T02:25:06Z","timestamp":1745202306000},"page":"e72522-e72522","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating an AI Chatbot \u201cProstate Cancer Info\u201d for Providing Quality Prostate Cancer Screening Information: Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1023-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otis L","family":"Owens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6686-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"How ChatGPT and our foundation models are developed. Open AI. URL: https:\/\/help.openai.com\/en\/articles\/7842364-how-chatgpt-and-our-foundation-models-are-developed [Accessed 11-02-2025]"},{"issue":"10","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20346","article-title":"The effectiveness of artificial intelligence conversational agents in health care: systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Milne-Ives","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang L Wan Z Ni C et al. A systematic review of ChatGPT and other conversational large language models in healthcare. medRxiv. Apr 27, 2024:2024.04.26.24306390. [doi: 10.1101\/2024.04.26.24306390] [Medline: 38712148]","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.26.24306390"},{"issue":"4","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27850","article-title":"Chatbot for health care and oncology applications using artificial intelligence and machine learning: systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Xu","journal-title":"JMIR Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15661","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based chatbot patient information on common retinal diseases using ChatGPT","volume":"101","author":"Potapenko","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"17","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S449598","article-title":"Transforming healthcare with AI: promises, pitfalls, and pathways forward","volume":"17","author":"Shuaib","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20066","article-title":"American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010","volume":"60","author":"Wolf","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003491","article-title":"Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA\/SUO guideline Part I: prostate cancer screening","volume":"210","author":"Wei","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003492","article-title":"Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA\/SUO guideline part II: considerations for a prostate biopsy","volume":"210","author":"Wei","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"18","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3710","article-title":"Screening for prostate cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"319","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21718","article-title":"Cancer statistics for African American\/Black People 2022","volume":"72","author":"Giaquinto","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J Clinicians"},{"issue":"4","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1109\/TPC.2017.2761578","article-title":"Use of plain-language guidelines to promote health literacy","volume":"60","author":"Grene","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Profess Commun"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2023.05.040","article-title":"Can ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence language model, provide accurate and high-quality patient information on prostate cancer?","volume":"180","author":"Coskun","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04123-5","article-title":"Can the ChatGPT and other large language models with internet-connected database solve the questions and concerns of patient with prostate cancer and help democratize medical knowledge?","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-024-01570-0","article-title":"Performance of large language models (LLMs) in providing prostate cancer information","volume":"24","author":"Alasker","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.07.004","article-title":"How well do artificial intelligence chatbots respond to the top search queries about urological malignancies?","volume":"85","author":"Musheyev","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55939","article-title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of ChatGPT as a Patient Education Tool in Prostate Cancer: Multimetric Assessment","volume":"26","author":"Gibson","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04009-5","article-title":"Adequacy of prostate cancer prevention and screening recommendations provided by an artificial intelligence-powered large language model","volume":"56","author":"Chiarelli","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00789-0","article-title":"Quality of information and appropriateness of Open AI outputs for prostate cancer","volume":"28","author":"Lombardo","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11070654","article-title":"The emerging role of large language models in improving prostate cancer literacy","volume":"11","author":"Geant\u0103","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"issue":"15","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12151548","article-title":"The potential impact of large language models on doctor-patient communication: a case study in prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Geant\u0103","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171251316371","article-title":"A comparison of prostate cancer screening information quality on standard and advanced versions of chatgpt, google gemini, and microsoft copilot: a cross-sectional study","volume":"39","author":"Owens","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"R24","unstructured":"GPT builder. Open AI. URL: https:\/\/help.openai.com\/en\/articles\/8770868-gpt-builder [Accessed 11-02-2025]"},{"key":"R25","unstructured":"Weiss BD . Health Literacy and Patient Safety: Help Patients Understand Manual for Clinicians. 2nd ed. AMA; 2007."},{"key":"R26","unstructured":"Prostate cancer. American Cancer Society. 2025. URL: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/types\/prostate-cancer.html"},{"key":"R27","unstructured":"Prostate cancer. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/prostate-cancer\/index.html"}],"container-title":["JMIR Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cancer.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e72522","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:02:50Z","timestamp":1782842570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cancer.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e72522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/72522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2369-1999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2369-1999","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"article-number":"v11i10e72522"}}