{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:00:30Z","timestamp":1782846030180,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Public Health Surveill"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n In 2012, the country of Georgia established an electronic integrated disease surveillance system (EIDSS) for acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. All medical facilities must report suspected and confirmed acute HBV cases to the regional public health centers within 24 hours, which are subsequently registered in the EIDSS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to evaluate the acute hepatitis B surveillance system in Georgia in order to identify areas for improvement and develop recommendations that enhance its capacity to inform prevention and response efforts, supporting the elimination of viral hepatitis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n For the evaluation of the acute HBV surveillance system from 2015 to 2020, we used the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated guidelines. We assessed data quality by calculating the percentage of missing values for key variables. We assessed simplicity, acceptability, and flexibility by describing surveillance processes and by surveying public health center epidemiologists. We evaluated representativeness by comparing cases registered in EIDSS with cases registered in hospital discharges. We assessed timeliness by calculating the number of days from the date of diagnosis to the date of notification in EIDSS. We calculated the positive predictive value as the proportion of cases notified during 2018\u20102020 having documentation of confirmatory tests in their medical records, meeting the confirmed case definition.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n During 2015\u20102020, 270 cases of acute viral hepatitis B were reported to the EIDSS. All notified cases were hepatitis B surface antigen positive. However, only 10 of the 19 (53%) key variables were complete. Hepatitis B test results were missing in most reported cases, despite 82% (223\/270) being classified as \u201cconfirmed.\u201d Simplicity and acceptability of the system were affected by 30% (31\/104) of the respondents experiencing challenges with the EIDSS reporting form. The system had limited flexibility due to cumbersome procedures to implement any changes. Representativeness was limited, as only 41% (270\/657) of confirmed cases recorded in the hospital discharge database were reported to the EIDSS. The average notification delay was 72 hours. Among 104 cases notified in 2018\u20102020, 66 met the case definition, leading to a positive predictive value of 63%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The surveillance system for acute HBV infection was timely, although only 51% (139\/270) of the cases were reported within the 24-hour notification target. The system was not representative and did not correctly ascertain cases. We recommend reconsidering the statutory notification time of 24 hours, revising notification forms and providing clear guidelines for data entry, and reporting all test results needed for adequate case classification to enhance data completeness and reliability of case classification.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/72888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T13:55:09Z","timestamp":1758894909000},"page":"e72888-e72888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying Gaps and Challenges in Acute Hepatitis B Surveillance in the Country of Georgia: Comprehensive Surveillance System Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5764-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lika","family":"Karichashvili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2099-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketevan","family":"Galdavadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5676-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khatuna","family":"Zakhashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9736-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maia","family":"Tsereteli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3790-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterine","family":"Ruadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Surguladze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Stefanoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"WHO overview on hepatitis B. World Health Organization. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b [Accessed 30-03-2024]"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Technical considerations and case definitions to improve surveillance for viral hepatitis. World Health Organization. 2016. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/technical-considerations-and-case-definitions-to-improve-surveillance-for-viral-hepatitis-report [Accessed 18-11-2025]"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper. World Health Organization. Jul 2017. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WER9227 [Accessed 12-11-2025]"},{"issue":"30","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.30.2200837","article-title":"Toward reaching hepatitis B goals: hepatitis B epidemiology and the impact of two decades of vaccination, Georgia, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Khetsuriani","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"The Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories HL and SA of G. Order of the ministry of internally displaced persons from the occupied territories, health, labour and social affairs of Georgia N101\/n April 5, 2005 st. Tbilisi on the Manner of Production and Delivery of Medical Statistical Information (GEO); 2012."},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Armstrong G Birkhead GS Horan JM Herrera G Lee LM Milstein RL et al. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems recommendations from the guidelines working group. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. URL: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr5013a1.htm"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05265-3","article-title":"Using a hepatitis B surveillance system evaluation in Fujian, Hainan, and Gansu provinces to improve data quality and assess program effectiveness, China, 2015","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-2-3","article-title":"Assessment of the infectious diseases surveillance system of the Republic of Armenia: an example of surveillance in the Republics of the former Soviet Union","volume":"2","author":"Wuhib","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.11.012","article-title":"Evaluation of the German surveillance system for hepatitis B regarding timeliness, data quality, and simplicity, from 2005 to 2014","volume":"180","author":"Boes","journal-title":"Public Health (Fairfax)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2024.0083","article-title":"Evaluation of the acute hepatitis B surveillance system in the Republic of Korea following the transition to mandatory surveillance","volume":"15","author":"Chung","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"}],"container-title":["JMIR Public Health and Surveillance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealth.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e72888","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:03:20Z","timestamp":1782842600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealth.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e72888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":10,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/72888","relation":{},"ISSN":["2369-2960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2369-2960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"article-number":"v11i30e72888"}}