{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:22:27Z","timestamp":1791969747044,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Infodemiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the popularity and use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) for weight loss. As such, it is essential to understand users\u2019 real-world discussions of short-term, long-term, and co-occurrent adverse events associated with currently used GLP-1 RA medications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to quantitatively analyze temporal and co-occurrent GLP-1 RA adverse event trends through discussions of GLP-1 RA weight loss medications on Facebook from 2022 to 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected 64,202 Facebook posts (59,293 posts after removing duplicate posts) from January 1, 2022, to May 31, 2024, through CrowdTangle, a public insights tool from Meta. Using English language social media posts from the United States, we examined discussions of adverse event mentions for posts referencing 7 GLP-1 RA weight loss product categories (ie, semaglutide, Ozempic, Wegovy, tirzepatide, Mounjaro, Zepbound, and GLP-1 RA as a class). All analyses were conducted using Python (version 3; Python Software Foundation) in a Google Colab environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporal time series analysis revealed that the GLP-1 RAs\u2019 adverse event mentions on social media aligned with several key events: the Food and Drug Administration\u2019s approval of Wegovy for pediatric weight management in December 2022, increased media coverage in August 2023, celebrity endorsement in December 2023, and Medicare Part D coverage expansion for weight loss medications in March 2024. Gastrointestinal (GI)\u2013related adverse events (general term) were most prevalent for posts mentioning the GLP-1 RA class (210\/4885, 4.30%) and Mounjaro (241\/4031, 5.98%). In contrast, the most prevalent adverse event mentions noted for tirzepatide were headache (78\/4202, 1.86%) and joint pain (71\/4202, 1.69%). Hypertension (13\/1769, 0.73%) was frequently mentioned in Zepbound posts, while pancreatitis was commonly associated with Mounjaro posts (44\/4031, 1.08%), and 2.85% (139\/4885) of posts broadly referring to the GLP-1 RA class. Furthermore, an integrated node network analysis revealed 3 distinct GLP-1 RA adverse events\u2013mentioned clusters: cluster 1 (purple) contained allergies, anxiety, depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fatigue, fever, hypertension, indigestion, insomnia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hives, swelling, restlessness, and seizures. Cluster 2 (pink) contained constipation, dehydration, headache, diarrhea, dizziness, hypoglycemia, sweating, and jaundice. Cluster 3 (brown) contained GI symptoms, such as nausea, pancreatitis, rash, and vomiting. The GI symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, diarrhea, and indigestion, were strongly associated together (\u2265100 co-occurrence mentions), while the mentioned neurological symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia, were highly correlated with each other (50\u2010100 co-occurrence mentions).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This social media study highlights the adverse event mention patterns for posts referencing GLP-1 RA medications. While further research is needed to rigorously examine and validate these findings, this study demonstrates the importance of monitoring social media discussions to predict novel, underreported, or rare drug adverse events, thereby improving patient care, clinical research, and health policy interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/73619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:14:11Z","timestamp":1753391651000},"page":"e73619-e73619","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Harnessing Facebook to Investigate Real-World Mentions of Adverse Events of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1 RA) Medications: Observational Study of Facebook Posts From 2022 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3932-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amrutha S","family":"Alibilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9454-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vidur","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8859-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heran","family":"Mane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5922-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohe","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria","family":"Ratzki-Leewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4315-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junaid S","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-5377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaniece","family":"Criss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1184-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quynh C","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2289-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozalina G","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-045X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thu T","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-001952","article-title":"Wegovy (semaglutide): a new weight loss drug for chronic weight management","volume":"70","author":"Singh","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2337\/cd23-0023","article-title":"Special report: potential strategies for addressing GLP-1 and dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonist shortages","volume":"41","author":"Whitley","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Diabetes). National diabetes statistics report. 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/php\/data-research\/index.html [Accessed 04-03-2025]"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0091","article-title":"Compounded GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists: a statement from the American Diabetes Association","volume":"48","author":"Neumiller","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/1715163520958023","article-title":"How do community pharmacies in Ontario manage drug shortage problems? 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