{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:01:37Z","timestamp":1782846097935,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Infodemiology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stillbirth, the loss of a fetus after the 20th week of pregnancy, affects about 1 in 160 deliveries in the United States and nearly 1 in 70 globally. It profoundly affects parents, often resulting in grief, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder, exacerbated by societal stigma and a lack of public awareness. However, no comprehensive analysis has explored social media discussions of stillbirth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to analyze stillbirth-related content on Instagram and X (formerly Twitter) by (1) identifying dominant themes using topic modeling, evaluated using latent Dirichlet allocation, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), and BERTopic; (2) detecting influential hashtags via co-occurrence network analysis; (3) examining sentiments and emotions using transformer-based models; (4) categorizing visual representations of stillbirth on Instagram (Meta) through manual image analysis with a predefined codebook; and (5) screening for misinformation relating to stillbirth on X.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stillbirth-related posts were collected via RapidAPI (N=27,395), with Instagram posts (#stillbirth: n=7415; #stillbirthawareness: n=8312; 2023\u20102024) and X posts (#stillbirth: n=11,668; 2020\u20102024) analyzed using Python 3.12.7 (Python Software Foundation), with NetworkX for hashtag co-occurrence networks and the PageRank algorithm; comparative analyses were restricted to 2023\u20102024 due to Instagram application programming interface constraints. Topic modeling was evaluated using latent Dirichlet allocation, NMF, and BERTopic, with coherence scores guiding our model selection. Sentiment and emotion were analyzed using transformer-based RoBERTa and DistilRoBERTa. Misinformation screening was applied to X posts. On Instagram, 2 representative image samples (n=366) were manually categorized using a predefined codebook, with the interrater reliability being assessed using Cohen Kappa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Health-related hashtags (eg, #COVID19) appeared more frequently on X. Topic modeling showed that NMF achieved the highest coherence scores (#stillbirthawareness=0.624 and #stillbirth=0.846 on Instagram, #stillbirth=0.816 on X). Medical misinformation appeared in 27.8% (149\/536) of tweets linking COVID-19 vaccines to stillbirth. In the image analysis, \u201cImage of text\u201d was most common, followed by remembrance visuals (eg, gravesites and stillborn infants). The interrater reliability was strong, \u03ba=0.837 (95% CI 0.773\u20100.891) and \u03ba=0.821 (95% CI 0.755\u20100.879), with high Pearson correlation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.999;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.001) and no significant difference (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00b2\n                      <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                      =12.4;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.09). The sentiment analysis found that positive sentiments exceeded negative sentiments. The emotion analysis showed that fear and sadness were dominant, with fear being more prevalent on X.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Instagram emphasizes emotional expression while X focuses on public health and informational content. Evidence-based communication is necessary to counter misinformation, especially on X, whose real-time affordances amplify fear-based narratives during crises, such as COVID-19. In addition, Instagram\u2019s visual and commemorative content offers an opportunity to legitimize parental grief and to validate and humanize loss by directly involving bereaved parents in awareness campaigns. Platform-specific strategies and stronger moderation could enhance health discourse credibility. Future research should examine targeted approaches to counter misinformation and assist affected populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/73980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T16:13:14Z","timestamp":1758903194000},"page":"e73980-e73980","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stillbirth Discourse on Instagram and X (Formerly Twitter): Content Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9623-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Paradise Vit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7068-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Fraidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9846-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaniv S","family":"Ovadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.017","article-title":"Obstetric care consensus #10: management of stillbirth: (replaces practice bulletin number 102, March 2009)","volume":"222","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000262","article-title":"Stillbirth: prevention and supportive bereavement care","volume":"2","author":"Atkins","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.47046","article-title":"Severity of anemia during pregnancy and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Shi","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14971","article-title":"Making stillbirths visible: a systematic review of globally reported causes of stillbirth","volume":"125","author":"Reinebrant","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2190\/A8VB-08XR-ACGH-2GYG","article-title":"The psychological effects of a stillbirth on surviving family members","volume":"22","author":"De Frain","journal-title":"Omega (Westport)"},{"issue":"12","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2019.1674420","article-title":"On death and dying at the beginning of life: grieving the stillborn baby","volume":"19","author":"Dastidar","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2190\/IL.22.3.d","article-title":"The psychological impact of stillbirth on women: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Campbell-Jackson","journal-title":"Illness, Crisis & Loss"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0800-8","article-title":"From grief, guilt pain and stigma to hope and pride - 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