{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T19:28:37Z","timestamp":1786562917181,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current landscape of emergency care (EC) is marked by high demand, leading to issues such as emergency department boarding, overcrowding, and subsequent delays that impact the quality and safety of patient care. Integrating data science into EC can enhance decision-making with predictive, preventative, personalized, and participatory approaches. However, gaps in adherence to fairness, accountability, interpretability, and responsibility are evident, particularly due to barriers to data-sharing, which often result in a lack of transparency and robust oversight in these applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FAIR-EC (Fair, Accountable, Interpretable, and Responsible-Emergency Care) collaboration adapts the existing Fair, Accountable, Interpretable, and Responsible principles to address emerging challenges as data science integrates with EC. This initiative aims to transform EC by establishing ethical artificial intelligence standards specifically tailored for this integration. By bridging the gap between EC professionals, data scientists, and other stakeholders, the collaboration promotes international cooperation that leverages advanced data science techniques to enhance EC outcomes across different care settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We propose a federated research design to analyze extensive datasets from various global institutions without compromising patient privacy. This approach transforms epidemiological research with advanced data science techniques, emphasizing the harmonization of data for comprehensive analyses across different health care systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FAIR-EC initiative has facilitated the identification and harmonization of datasets from diverse geographical regions, enabling the examination of regional variations in EC practices. As of paper submission, participating sites have identified retrospective EC datasets totaling &gt;2 million records (eg, Duke Health &gt;400,000 and Singapore General Hospital &gt;1.7 million records). Initial projects have demonstrated feasibility and operational readiness, including implementation of federated workflows and ongoing development of a federated scoring system, cross-site evaluation, and adaptation of association studies and predictive models across various regions. Cross-site harmonization and pilot analyses are underway (with local ethics approvals in progress), and first multisite results are expected to be submitted in mid-late 2026, with additional project-level publications anticipated in 2027. These efforts highlight the feasibility of leveraging advanced data science techniques to address the complexities of EC while preserving patient privacy without centralizing individual-level data. This project was funded from September 1, 2022, to August 31, 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FAIR-EC integrates data science ethically and effectively into EC, addressing challenges such as fragmented data, real-time handoffs, and public health crises. Its federated design harmonizes diverse data streams while preserving privacy, and its emphasis on ethical artificial intelligence aligns with the dynamic nature of EC. Despite challenges in data variability and system complexity, FAIR-EC establishes a strong foundation for innovation in global EC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/74202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:55:05Z","timestamp":1769162105000},"page":"e74202-e74202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Building a Global Research Network for Fair, Accountable, Interpretable, and Responsible AI in Emergency Care: Protocol for a FAIR-EC Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7056-9559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4094-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Chong Kai","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3453-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2830-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey L","family":"Blewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5274-3840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel M","family":"Buckland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5772-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianrun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2778-2992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won Chul","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7366-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bibhas","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3720-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1786-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4647-0019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Ling","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Therese","family":"Dj\u00e4rv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2693-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arul","family":"Earnest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4112-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Engelhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-9986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuyi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengling","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huazhu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3863-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson Wen Bin","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5261-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin A","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5360-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Gronsbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Fu Wah","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4936-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kendall","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjni","family":"Joiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1344-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Kornblith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1151-2357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shir Lynn","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1890-4449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3361-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenghong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9139-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0195-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yih Yng","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1024-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju Ok","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4210-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu Rang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0735-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junaid","family":"Razzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2125-3053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9046-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad Javaid","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2878-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A D","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2167-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth Boon Kiat","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9714-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salinelat","family":"Teixayavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bella","family":"Vakulenko-Lagun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6468-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao Ricardo Nickenig","family":"Vissoci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9884-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Waligora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9459-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1175-6881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An-Kwok Ian","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0215-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5696-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3494-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-2287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doudou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3874-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1552-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7942-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Neumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7874-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus Eng Hock","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001486","article-title":"Emergency care research as a global health priority: key scientific opportunities and challenges","volume":"4","author":"Razzak","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2019.1635670","article-title":"Drivers of increasing emergency ambulance demand","volume":"24","author":"Andrew","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11030385","article-title":"The association between emergency department overcrowding and delay in treatment: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Darraj","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/EC9.0000000000000078","article-title":"Emergency department overcrowding: causes and solutions","volume":"3","author":"Butun","journal-title":"Emerg Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2025.100995","article-title":"Factors associated with adoption of Electronic Health Record Sharing System (eHRSS) among private physicians","volume":"14","author":"Huang","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"issue":"17","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5658","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175658","article-title":"Machine learning-based early prediction of sepsis using electronic health records: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Islam","journal-title":"JCM"},{"issue":"13","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1705348","article-title":"Lost in thought - the limits of the human mind and the future of medicine","volume":"377","author":"Obermeyer","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"548","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2024.2310287","article-title":"Federated offline reinforcement learning","volume":"119","author":"Zhou","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/insr.12583","article-title":"Reinforcement learning in modern biostatistics: constructing optimal adaptive interventions","volume":"93","author":"Deliu","journal-title":"Int Statistical Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000278","article-title":"Bias in artificial intelligence algorithms and recommendations for mitigation","volume":"2","author":"Nazer","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001265","article-title":"Advancing research on emergency care systems in low-income and middle-income countries: ensuring high-quality care delivery systems","volume":"4","author":"Moresky","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.23.145","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence in emergency medicine: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Okada","journal-title":"Clin Exp Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e848","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00143-2","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence and ethical considerations in health care: a scoping review and ethics checklist","volume":"6","author":"Ning","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1285390","article-title":"Perceptions and concerns of emergency medicine practitioners about artificial intelligence in emergency triage management during the pandemic: a national survey-based study","volume":"11","author":"Ahun","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26297","article-title":"Ethical and regulatory challenges of AI technologies in healthcare: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Mennella","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holliman JJ . International emergency medicine. In: An Emergency Physician\u2019s Path. Springer, Cham; 2023:109-114. [doi: 10.1007\/978-3-031-47873-4_16]","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47873-4_16"},{"issue":"8","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02109-9","article-title":"Interdisciplinary collaboration and computer-assisted home healthcare referral in the emergency department: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Hsu","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/AIra2400012","article-title":"Clinical text datasets for medical artificial intelligence and large language models \u2014 a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Wu","journal-title":"NEJM AI"},{"issue":"1","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13520","article-title":"Priorities to overcome barriers impacting data science application in emergency care research","volume":"26","author":"Puskarich","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-36","article-title":"Evaluating bias due to data linkage error in electronic healthcare records","volume":"14","author":"Harron","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-022-00263-7","article-title":"Applying the FAIR principles to data in a hospital: challenges and opportunities in a pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Queralt-Rosinach","journal-title":"J Biomed Semantics"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/45013","article-title":"Initiatives, concepts, and implementation practices of the findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data principles in health data stewardship: scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Inau","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12689","article-title":"Emergency care, triage, and fairness","volume":"34","author":"Lauridsen","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2018.07.002","article-title":"Information and communication in the emergency department","volume":"42","author":"Blackburn","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1346070","article-title":"Editorial: clinical application of artificial intelligence in emergency and critical care medicine, volume IV","volume":"10","author":"Dhillon","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-022-00306-z","article-title":"The responsibility to care: lessons learned from emergency department workers\u2019 perspectives during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada","volume":"24","author":"Lavoie","journal-title":"Can J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13214","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of physician implicit racial bias on clinical decision making","volume":"24","author":"Dehon","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2019.05.003","article-title":"Ethical, legal and professional accountability in emergency nursing practice: an ethnographic observational study","volume":"46","author":"Rubio-Navarro","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272942","article-title":"Understanding teamwork in rapidly deployed interprofessional teams in intensive and acute care: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"17","author":"Schilling","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.7748\/en.2022.e2123","article-title":"Factors that affect nurses\u2019 triage decisions in the emergency department: a literature review","volume":"30","author":"Gorick","journal-title":"Emerg Nurse"},{"issue":"6464","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2342","article-title":"Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations","volume":"366","author":"Obermeyer","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3390\/math13132183","article-title":"Mitigating algorithmic bias through probability calibration: a case study on lead generation data","volume":"13","author":"Nikoli\u0107","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"issue":"1","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44401-025-00035-2","article-title":"FairFML: fair federated machine learning with a case study on reducing gender disparities in cardiac arrest outcome prediction","volume":"2","author":"Li","journal-title":"NPJ Health Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13293","article-title":"Accountable artificial intelligence: holding algorithms to account","volume":"81","author":"Busuioc","journal-title":"Public Adm Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01635-y","article-title":"Accountability in artificial intelligence: what it is and how it works","volume":"39","author":"Novelli","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.08.462","article-title":"Commentary: leveraging accountability for advocacy","volume":"74","author":"Barsotti","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"R37","unstructured":"DeMarco JP Jones GE Daly BJ . Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing. Broadview Press; 2019. ISBN: 9781554813964"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal S Mishra S . Responsible AI. Springer Nature; 2021. ISBN: 9783030768591","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76860-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/AIe2400044","article-title":"Policy in progress \u2014 the race to frame AI in health care","volume":"1","author":"Kohane","journal-title":"NEJM AI"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22037\/aaem.v11i1.1974","article-title":"The aspects of running artificial intelligence in emergency care; a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Hosseini","journal-title":"Arch Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubber MD Pasquale F Das S . The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI. Oxford University Press; 2020. ISBN: 9780190067397","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190067397.001.0001"},{"issue":"7","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2017057","article-title":"The Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS) clinical research network: what, where, why and how","volume":"58","author":"Doctor","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13428-4","article-title":"Natural language processing: state of the art, current trends and challenges","volume":"82","author":"Khurana","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"R44","unstructured":"Radford A Wu J Child R Luan D Amodei D Sutskever I . Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpendAI; 2019. URL: https:\/\/cdn.openai.com\/better-language-models\/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf [Accessed 18-02-2026]"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2025.104780","article-title":"FedIMPUTE: privacy-preserving missing value imputation for multi-site heterogeneous electronic health records","volume":"165","author":"Li","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000083","article-title":"Advances and open problems in federated learning","volume":"14","author":"Kairouz","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning"},{"issue":"10","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191","article-title":"A survey on transfer learning","volume":"22","author":"Pan","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104485","article-title":"FedScore: a privacy-preserving framework for federated scoring system development","volume":"146","author":"Li","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.111084","article-title":"Developing federated time-to-event scores using heterogeneous real-world survival data","volume":"197","author":"Li","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/hds.0196","article-title":"Federated learning in healthcare: a benchmark comparison of engineering and statistical approaches for structured data analysis","volume":"4","author":"Li","journal-title":"Health Data Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad170","article-title":"Federated and distributed learning applications for electronic health records and structured medical data: a scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Li","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.70117","article-title":"Online tool for cross-sectional and longitudinal comparison of socio-economic status indices based on postcodes in Australia","volume":"55","author":"Januszewski","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.04.018","article-title":"Derivation of indices of socioeconomic status for health services research in Asia","volume":"2","author":"Earnest","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"540","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2021.1904958","article-title":"Individual data protected integrative regression analysis of high-dimensional heterogeneous data","volume":"117","author":"Cai","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxaa031","article-title":"A divide-and-conquer method for sparse risk prediction and evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Hong","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocu023","article-title":"Feasibility and utility of applications of the common data model to multiple, disparate observational health databases","volume":"22","author":"Voss","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2014-002747","article-title":"Launching PCORnet, a national patient-centered clinical research network","volume":"21","author":"Fleurence","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"R58","volume":"2006","author":"Murphy","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz682","article-title":"BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text mining","volume":"36","author":"Lee","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2022.104147","article-title":"Multiview incomplete knowledge graph Integration with application to cross-institutional EHR data harmonization","volume":"133","author":"Zhou","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsentzer E Murphy J Boag W et al. Publicly available clinical BERT embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop. 2019:72-78. [doi: 10.18653\/v1\/W19-1909]","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-1909"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi I Long Q Getzen E . Filling the gaps: leveraging large language models for temporal harmonization of clinical text across multiple medical visits for clinical prediction. medRxiv. Preprint posted online on May 7, 2024. [doi: 10.1101\/2024.05.06.24306959] [Medline: 38765975]","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.06.24306959"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/54133","article-title":"Robust automated harmonization of heterogeneous data through ensemble machine learning: algorithm development and validation study","volume":"13","author":"Yang","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong C Rush E Liu M et al. Clinical Knowledge Extraction Via Sparse Embedding Regression (KESER) with multi-center large scale electronic health record data. Health Inf. Preprint posted online on 2021. [doi: 10.1101\/2021.03.13.21253486]","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00519-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04773-3","article-title":"Multimodal deep learning applied to classify healthy and disease states of human microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Lee","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-022-1406-4","article-title":"A review of predictive and contrastive self-supervised learning for medical images","volume":"20","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Mach Intell Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2022.3159661","article-title":"A novel representation learning for dynamic graphs based on graph convolutional networks","volume":"53","author":"Gao","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/hds.0321","article-title":"Bridging data gaps in healthcare: a scoping review of transfer learning in structured data analysis","volume":"5","author":"Li","journal-title":"Health Data Sci"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104532","article-title":"Trans-balance: reducing demographic disparity for prediction models in the presence of class imbalance","volume":"149","author":"Hong","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.97821.1","article-title":"Establishing the foundations for a data-centric ai approach for virtual drug screening through a systematic assessment of the properties of chemical data","author":"Chong","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"R71","unstructured":"Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2021. Halifax Data, Mapping and Analytics Hub. URL: https:\/\/data-hrm.hub.arcgis.com\/datasets\/de9edfea914645399104df70473f6c31\/about [Accessed 18-02-2026]"},{"key":"R72","unstructured":"PROGRESS-plus. The Cochrane Collaboration. URL: https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/equity\/projects\/evidence-equity\/progress-plus [Accessed 18-02-2026]"},{"key":"R73","unstructured":"Personal Data Protection Commission Singapore. URL: https:\/\/www.pdpc.gov.sg\/about\/the-legislation\/pdpa-overview [Accessed 28-04-2026]"},{"key":"R74","unstructured":"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). URL: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/phlp\/php\/resources\/health-insurance-portability-and-accountability-act-of-1996-hipaa.html [Accessed 28-04-2026]"},{"key":"R75","unstructured":"Wu Q Li S Miao D Shang Y Li X Liu N . Evaluating the efficacy of federated scoring systems with heterogeneous electronic health records. The Second Tiny Papers Track at ICLR; 2024. URL: https:\/\/openreview.net\/pdf?id=c4GVRbEx1g [Accessed 18-02-2026]"},{"key":"R76","unstructured":"Liu N Li S Ong EHM Hong C , inventors; Patient risk level estimation. WO2025221209A1. Oct 23, 2025. URL: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2025221209A1\/en?oq=WO+Patent+2025221209A1 [Accessed 18-02-2026]"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:42:44Z","timestamp":1786560164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e74202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":76,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/74202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"article-number":"v15iSuppl 6e74202"}}