{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:02:25Z","timestamp":1782846145249,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and functional constipation (FC) have significant personal, health care, and social impacts, affecting patients\u2019 quality of life. Treatment of these conditions is challenging. While green kiwifruit is a promising natural alternative to laxatives, its effectiveness in managing abdominal pain and the underlying mechanism of action is yet to be substantiated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the effect of consuming 2 green kiwifruit daily for 4 weeks (the habitual serving) on abdominal pain and discomfort in individuals with IBS-C and FC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study is a 2-arm parallel, open-label, placebo-controlled randomized study. This study\u2019s duration was 9 weeks, with a 3-week lead-in phase, a 4-week intervention phase, and a 2-week follow-up phase. A total of 60 participants with IBS-C and FC were randomized to consume either 2 Zespri green kiwifruit (\n                      <jats:italic>Actinidia deliciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u201cHayward,\u201d ~150 g per serving, ~90 kcal) or maltodextrin (calorie-matched to the fruit, ~25 g per serving, ~90 kcal) per day for 4 weeks. The participants completed validated questionnaires assessing digestive and general health and well-being parameters, underwent magnetic resonance imaging to determine colon physiological measures, ingested a blue food dye, provided blood and fecal samples to measure microbial, immunological, and biochemical parameters, and ingested wireless motility devices (selected participants only) to assess physiological processes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recruitment for this study began in May 2021 and was completed in May 2022. A total of 63 participants were randomized, and 57 were analyzed using intention-to-treat analysis. Data analysis is complete, and full results are expected to be published in a peer-reviewed journal by April 2026.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of green kiwifruit consumption in managing abdominal pain in individuals with IBS-C and FC. It will provide new insights into the mechanisms behind the habitual consumption of green kiwifruit for digestive comfort in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/75286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T16:10:07Z","timestamp":1763655007000},"page":"e75286-e75286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Normalization of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Adults With Constipation With Daily Green Kiwifruit Consumption: Protocol for an Open-Label Intervention Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8768-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasjot","family":"Maggo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6830-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwei Min","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5880-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Birgit","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1160-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine L","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline L","family":"Hoad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Marciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Mullaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0005-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1136-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2547-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine M","family":"Cooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9712-0169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catrin S","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2836-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Trower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1326-4673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffery","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8235-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9559-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2514-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren C","family":"McNabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6371-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Spiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1520-5407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamlin","family":"Conner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3109-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Frampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3828-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meika","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole C","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2298-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B","family":"Gearry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2016_111","article-title":"Constipation: pathophysiology and current therapeutic approaches","volume":"239","author":"Sharma","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.95","article-title":"Chronic constipation","volume":"3","author":"Camilleri","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"6","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032","article-title":"Functional gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features, and Rome IV","volume":"150","author":"Drossman","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14970","article-title":"Chronic constipation and abdominal pain: independent or closely interrelated symptoms?","volume":"35","author":"Wong","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200111000-00011","article-title":"Impact of irritable bowel syndrome on personal relationships and working practices","volume":"13","author":"Silk","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12938","article-title":"Review article: the economic impact of the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Canavan","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640615600114","article-title":"Symptom burden and consulting behavior in patients with overlapping functional disorders in the US population","volume":"4","author":"Vakil","journal-title":"United Euro Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614558476","article-title":"Chronic constipation and co\u2010morbidities: a prospective population\u2010based nested case\u2010control study","volume":"4","author":"Choung","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.421","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of overlapping Rome IV-diagnosed functional gastrointestinal disorders on somatization, quality of life, and healthcare utilization: a cross-sectional general population study in three countries","volume":"113","author":"Aziz","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848221114558","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Ohlsson","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Eating and activity guidelines for New Zealand adults: updated 2020. Wellington: Ministry of Health: Ministry of Health; 2020. URL: https:\/\/www.tewhatuora.govt.nz\/assets\/For-the-health-sector\/Health-sector-guidance\/Active-Families\/eating-activity-guidelines-new-zealand-adults-updated-2020-oct22.pdf [Accessed 09-12-2025]"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Constipation. Constipation Auckland, New Zealand Health Te Whatu Ora. 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.tewhatuora.govt.nz\/for-health-professionals\/nutrition-education-resources [Accessed 09-12-2025]"},{"issue":"5","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12385","article-title":"British Dietetic Association systematic review and evidence\u2010based practice guidelines for the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults (2016 update)","volume":"29","author":"McKenzie","journal-title":"J Human Nutrition Diet"},{"issue":"10","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103386","article-title":"Chronic constipation: is a nutritional approach reasonable?","volume":"13","author":"Bellini","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1627-z","article-title":"The nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit: a review","volume":"57","author":"Richardson","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-6047.2002.00287.x","article-title":"Kiwifruit promotes laxation in the elderly","volume":"11","author":"Rush","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"35","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i35.4771","article-title":"Increasing dietary fiber intake in terms of kiwifruit improves constipation in Chinese patients","volume":"13","author":"Chan","journal-title":"WJG"},{"issue":"4","key":"R18","first-page":"451","volume":"19","author":"Chang","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13874","article-title":"The effect of green kiwifruit on gas transit and tolerance in healthy humans","volume":"32","author":"Caballero","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"6","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001149","article-title":"Exploratory comparative effectiveness trial of green kiwifruit, psyllium, or prunes in US patients with chronic constipation","volume":"116","author":"Chey","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002124","article-title":"Consumption of 2 green kiwifruits daily improves constipation and abdominal comfort-results of an international multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"118","author":"Gearry","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2021.136049","article-title":"The effects of green kiwifruit ingestion on digestive health, blood flow, skin health, and the autonomic nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Ishida","journal-title":"Health (London)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.06.001","article-title":"Inflammatory status modulates plasma lipid and inflammatory marker responses to kiwifruit consumption in hypercholesterolaemic men","volume":"24","author":"Gammon","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2011.116","article-title":"Kiwifruit decreases blood pressure and whole-blood platelet aggregation in male smokers","volume":"27","author":"Karlsen","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2014.976979","article-title":"The effect of kiwifruit consumption on blood pressure in subjects with moderately elevated blood pressure: a randomized, controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Svendsen","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.12.084","article-title":"Effects of simulated digestion in vitro on cell wall polysaccharides from kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.)","volume":"133","author":"Carnachan","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509991632","article-title":"Baselines representing blood glucose clearance improve in vitro prediction of the glycaemic impact of customarily consumed food quantities","volume":"103","author":"Monro","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.102","article-title":"Kiwifruit remnants from digestion in vitro have functional attributes of potential importance to health","volume":"135","author":"Mishra","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15127","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying effects of kiwifruit on intestinal function shown by MRI in healthy volunteers","volume":"49","author":"Wilkinson-Smith","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394294-4.00005-5","article-title":"Fiber: composition, structures, and functional properties","volume":"68","author":"Sims","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1021\/jf903332a","article-title":"Actinidin enhances gastric protein digestion as assessed using an in vitro gastric digestion model","volume":"58","author":"Kaur","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1021\/jf903835g","article-title":"Actinidin enhances protein digestion in the small intestine as assessed using an in vitro digestion model","volume":"58","author":"Kaur","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.185744","article-title":"Dietary actinidin from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) increases gastric digestion and the gastric emptying rate of several dietary proteins in growing rats","volume":"144","author":"Montoya","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.06.031","article-title":"Effect of actinidin from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) on the digestion of food proteins determined in the growing rat","volume":"129","author":"Rutherfurd","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513003401","article-title":"Actinidin from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) increases the digestion and rate of gastric emptying of meat proteins in the growing pig","volume":"111","author":"Montoya","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v23i0.18572","article-title":"Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) changes intestinal microbial profile","volume":"23","author":"Lee","journal-title":"Microb Ecol Health Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"R37","first-page":"795","volume":"7","author":"Saad","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-1-2","article-title":"The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials","volume":"1","author":"Moher","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials","volume":"158","author":"Chan","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13738","article-title":"Evidence that independent gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut pathways operate in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia: a 1-year population-based prospective study","volume":"44","author":"Koloski","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"Ware J Ma K Tuner-bowker D Gandek B . Version 2 of the SF12 health survey. 2002. URL: https:\/\/www.center-tbi.eu\/crf\/Tree\/SF12v2.pdf [Accessed 19-12-2025]"},{"key":"R42","unstructured":"Jensen J Spittal M Krishnan V . ELSI short form: user manual for a direct measure of living standards. Ministry of Social Development Wellington, New Zealand; 2005. URL: http:\/\/msd.govt.nz\/about-msd-and-our-work\/publications-resources\/monitoring\/living-standards\/elsi-short-form.html [Accessed 09-12-2025]"},{"issue":"12","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.940415","article-title":"Nutrition, health, and regulatory aspects of digestible maltodextrins","volume":"56","author":"Hofman","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101204","article-title":"Isolation and freezing of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pregnant patients","volume":"3","author":"Efthymiou","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01535722","article-title":"GSRS--a clinical rating scale for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease","volume":"33","author":"Svedlund","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAuliffe MJ Lalonde FM McGarry D Gandler W Csaky K Trus BL . Medical image processing, analysis and visualization in clinical research. Presented at: 14th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems CBMS 2001; Jul 26-27, 2001; Bethesda, MD. [doi: 10.1109\/CBMS.2001.941749]","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2001.941749"},{"issue":"4","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14999","article-title":"Assessing water content of the human colonic chyme using the MRI parameter T1: a key biomarker of colonic function","volume":"37","author":"Dellschaft","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"9","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323877","article-title":"Blue poo: impact of gut transit time on the gut microbiome using a novel marker","volume":"70","author":"Asnicar","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"8","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4599-6","article-title":"The validity of a new Structured Assessment of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scale (SAGIS) for evaluating symptoms in the clinical setting","volume":"62","author":"Koloski","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.237","article-title":"Development of the NIH Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) gastrointestinal symptom scales","volume":"109","author":"Spiegel","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000376585","article-title":"The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Topp","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"1","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-63","article-title":"The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation","volume":"5","author":"Tennant","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"6","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2022.2029939","article-title":"The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20): psychometrical testing in a Norwegian sample of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients","volume":"57","author":"Jelsness-J\u00f8rgensen","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1803-x","article-title":"PROMIS depression measures perform similarly to legacy measures relative to a structured diagnostic interview for depression in cancer patients","volume":"27","author":"Clover","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01941.x","article-title":"Further validation of the IBS-QOL: a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire","volume":"95","author":"Drossman","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.272","article-title":"Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to measure intakes of inulin and oligofructose","volume":"65","author":"Dunn","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1089\/gen.43.11.20","article-title":"NGS sample prep: enduring basics and evolving enzyme kits","volume":"43","author":"Labant","journal-title":"Genet Eng Biotechnol News"},{"issue":"15","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"R59","unstructured":"Genome. NCBI-NIH. URL: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/genome\/?taxon=9606 [Accessed 23-12-2025]"},{"key":"R60","unstructured":"Li H . Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly contigs with BWA-MEM. arXiv. Preprint posted online on May 26, 2013. [doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.1303.3997]"},{"issue":"16","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The sequence alignment\/map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt593","article-title":"PEAR: a fast and accurate Illumina Paired-End Read Merger","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"R63","unstructured":"Bushnell B . BBMap: a fast, accurate, splice-aware aligner. Presented at: 9th Annual Genomics of Energy & Environment Meeting; Mar 17-20, 2014; Walnut Creek, California, United States. 2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","article-title":"Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND","volume":"12","author":"Buchfink","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"D1","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D8","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1189","article-title":"Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information","volume":"41","author":"NCBI Resource Coordinators","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004957","article-title":"MEGAN community edition - interactive exploration and analysis of large-scale microbiome sequencing data","volume":"12","author":"Huson","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.05.019","article-title":"Simultaneous extraction of metabolome and lipidome with methyl tert-butyl ether from a single small tissue sample for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"1298","author":"Chen","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"issue":"11","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11110754","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of the effect of high fat\/high sugar diet and Greenshell mussel feeding on plasma of ovariectomized rats","volume":"11","author":"Abshirini","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"10","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314480","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers and identification of resilient metabolic disruptions in patients with venous thromboembolism using a metabolic systems approach","volume":"40","author":"Fraser","journal-title":"ATVB"},{"issue":"1","key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.10.008","article-title":"High-throughput plasma lipidomics: detailed mapping of the associations with cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"26","author":"Huynh","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.03.001","article-title":"Graded perturbations of metabolism in multiple regions of human brain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: snapshot of a pervasive metabolic disorder","volume":"1862","author":"Xu","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3393","article-title":"MS-DIAL: data-independent MS\/MS deconvolution for comprehensive metabolome analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tsugawa","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11090612","article-title":"Concentrations of fecal bile acids in participants with functional gut disorders and healthy controls","volume":"11","author":"James","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.11.015","article-title":"An isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method for the quantitation of short-chain fatty acids in human feces by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"854","author":"Han","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"R75","unstructured":"Cooney JM Trower TM . MS-probes and stable isotope coding for targeted analysis of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in biological samples. Presented at: Metabolomics 2017 (13th Annual Conference of Metabolomics Society); Jun 25-29, 2017; Brisbane, Australia."},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.125743","article-title":"Quantitation of circulating short-chain fatty acids in small volume blood samples from animals and humans","volume":"272","author":"Fristedt","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"30","key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16777","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c03802","article-title":"Identification of sarmentosin as a key bioactive from blackcurrants (  ) for Inhibiting platelet monoamine oxidase in humans","volume":"72","author":"Lomiwes","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17216","article-title":"Comparison of gastrointestinal landmarks using the gas-sensing capsule and wireless motility capsule","volume":"56","author":"Thwaites","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-011014","article-title":"SmartPill\u00ae as an objective parameter for determination of severity and duration of postoperative ileus: study protocol of a prospective, two-arm, open-label trial (the PIDuSA study)","volume":"6","author":"Vilz","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2019.14","article-title":"The effect of \u201cZesy002\u201d kiwifruit ( var. ) on gut health function: a randomised cross-over clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Eady","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051453","article-title":"The effects on immune function and digestive health of consuming the skin and flesh of Zespri SunGold kiwifruit ( var.  \u2019Zesy002\u2019) in healthy and IBS-constipated individuals","volume":"12","author":"Eady","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"19","key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194146","article-title":"Two gold kiwifruit daily for effective treatment of constipation in adults-a randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Bayer","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2001.01397-3.x","article-title":"Points to consider on switching between superiority and non\u2010inferiority","volume":"52","author":"Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP)","journal-title":"Brit J Clinical Pharma"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.1187","article-title":"CV\u2010ANOVA for significance testing of PLS and OPLS\u00ae models","volume":"22","author":"Eriksson","journal-title":"J Chemom"},{"issue":"W1","key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W388","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab382","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 5.0: narrowing the gap between raw spectra and functional insights","volume":"49","author":"Pang","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B"},{"issue":"3","key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3072","article-title":"Dietary fiber in irritable bowel syndrome (review)","volume":"40","author":"El-Salhy","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jeccm-20-136","article-title":"Optimizing the utility of secondary outcomes in randomized controlled trials","volume":"5","author":"Harahsheh","journal-title":"J Emerg Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.6205","article-title":"Investigating potential bias in patient-reported outcomes in open-label cancer trials","volume":"5","author":"Roydhouse","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/17407745241244788","article-title":"Considerations for open-label randomized clinical trials: design, conduct, and analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"issue":"5","key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa032","article-title":"Aging in New Zealand: ka haere ki te ao pakeketanga","volume":"60","author":"Parr-Brownlie","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu189","article-title":"The challenges of human population ageing","volume":"44","author":"Sander","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32830b5d37","article-title":"The clinical significance of gastrointestinal changes with aging","volume":"11","author":"Bhutto","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA-220152","article-title":"Chronic diarrhoea in older adults and the role of dietary interventions","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Brien","journal-title":"Nutr Healthy Aging"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e75286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:06:14Z","timestamp":1782842774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e75286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":94,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/75286","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"article-number":"v15i6e75286"}}