{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:37:06Z","timestamp":1791221826382,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Fatigue is a highly prevalent and debilitating symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), significantly affecting the quality of life and employment of those living with the disease. Nonpharmacologic approaches, such as physical activity interventions, have shown promise in reducing fatigue but are often resource-intensive and lack grounding in behavior change theory. Mobile health (mHealth) technology offers a scalable approach to delivering behavioral interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study describes the development of an mHealth app, grounded in behavior change theory, to support fatigue self-management in individuals with SLE by promoting physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We used a human-centered design (HCD) approach to develop an mHealth app grounded in the self-determination theory of motivation and the social cognitive theory of behavior change. The process included two phases: (1) inspiration and (2) ideation. In the inspiration phase, key user needs were identified from focus groups of adults with SLE. During the ideation phase, a prototype was developed and iteratively refined based on feedback from additional individuals with SLE who participated in multiple rounds of semistructured interviews and online feedback surveys.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In the inspiration phase, 12 individuals participated in 2 focus groups and identified key priorities for the mHealth intervention, including symptom tracking (fatigue, pain, sleep, and physical activity), reliable educational content, social connection, and reminders. In the ideation phase, a prototype was developed based on these findings and refined through 2 rounds of user feedback interviews with 12 additional adults with SLE. Participants rated the features and format of the prototype favorably, with average scores ranging from 1.4 to 2.1 on a 5-point Likert scale (1=highest rating), and 78% (7\/9) of interviewees reported they were likely or highly likely to use the app. Several themes around preferences for the app emerged from the interviews, including the importance of: (1) community and social connection, (2) accessibility and inclusion, (3) options for customization, (4) integration of the app with existing digital health tools, and (4) notifications for reminders and motivational messages. Based on this feedback, the prototype was refined, and a digital messaging feature was created. A library of 154 reminders and motivational messages was developed with input from 10 individuals with SLE who took part in a third round of interviews.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Using an HCD approach, we developed an mHealth app tailored to the needs of individuals with SLE, integrating behavior change theory to support fatigue self-management. Through engagement with end users, we iteratively refined the app to address key priorities and enhance usability. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using HCD to develop an mHealth app grounded in behavior change theory and provides a model for creating rigorous digital health interventions for individuals with SLE and other chronic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/75399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T20:44:11Z","timestamp":1756241051000},"page":"e75399-e75399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a Theory-Based mHealth App for Fatigue Management in Lupus: Human-Centered Design Approach"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1940-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Deck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4314-5475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0658-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Caras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"LeClair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2694-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique","family":"Gore-Massy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2947-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faye","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6188-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Ogura","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5031-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"McAlindon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Folta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8496-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanthini","family":"Kasturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24649","article-title":"Disease activity and damage are not associated with increased levels of fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from a multiethnic cohort: LXVII","volume":"61","author":"Burgos","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.11.1249","article-title":"The prevalence and associations of fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"39","author":"Tench","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken477","article-title":"Employment and work disability in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Baker","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"14","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318808593","article-title":"Fluctuation, invisibility, fatigue - the barriers to maintaining employment with systemic lupus erythematosus: results of an online survey","volume":"27","author":"Booth","journal-title":"Lupus (Los Angel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162398","article-title":"Burden of lupus on work: Issues in the employment of individuals with lupus","volume":"55","author":"Agarwal","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"10","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313498795","article-title":"Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on burden of illness and work productivity in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Garris","journal-title":"Lupus (Los Angel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R7","first-page":"1053","volume":"35","author":"Bultink","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22481","article-title":"Work dynamics among persons with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"57","author":"Yelin","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2004.03.015","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of perceived unmet needs of people with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"57","author":"Moses","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3200\/BMED.35.1.5-13","article-title":"Unmet needs of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Danoff-Burg","journal-title":"Behav Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2595-1","article-title":"Health care in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): the patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"33","author":"Zirkzee","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2023-0184","article-title":"Measuring what matters: a qualitative study of the relevance and clinical utility of PROMIS surveys in systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Kasturi","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.58.6.379","article-title":"Factors associated with fatigue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"58","author":"Bruce","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"R14","first-page":"1699","volume":"32","author":"Jump","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2013.07.009","article-title":"Fatigue, health-related quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Schmeding","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R16","first-page":"1282","volume":"33","author":"Da Costa","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300678828046","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. VI: factors associated with fatigue within 5 years of criteria diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Zonana-Nacach","journal-title":"Lupus (Los Angel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"R18","first-page":"2453","volume":"33","author":"Iaboni","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R19","first-page":"2442","volume":"28","author":"Dobkin","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa671","article-title":"Patterns of fatigue and association with disease activity and clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"60","author":"Arnaud","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.04054.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for fatigue in adults with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Neill","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22675","article-title":"Effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions for decreasing fatigue in adults With systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"del Pino-Sede\u00f1o","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319841435","article-title":"Non-pharmacologic therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Fangtham","journal-title":"Lupus (Los Angel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/28.6.500","article-title":"Effects of aerobic conditioning in lupus fatigue: a pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Robb-Nicholson","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200010)13:5<262::aid-anr4>3.0.co;2-8","article-title":"A pilot study on the effects of exercise in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Ramsey-Goldman","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg289","article-title":"Fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized controlled trial of exercise","volume":"42","author":"Tench","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20279","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of a psychoeducational intervention to improve outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"50","author":"Karlson","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02647.x","article-title":"Effects of a self-management course for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"42","author":"Sohng","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21605","article-title":"Effects of supervised cardiovascular training program on exercise tolerance, aerobic capacity, and quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"53","author":"Carvalho","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033231157073","article-title":"Telehealth-supervised exercise in systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot study","volume":"32","author":"Frade","journal-title":"Lupus (Los Angel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203315622817","article-title":"Effects of a one-year physical activity programme for women with systemic lupus erythematosus - a randomized controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","journal-title":"Lupus (Los Angel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24199","article-title":"Efficacy of a physical activity counseling program with use of a wearable tracker in people with inflammatory arthritis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Li","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2016.1200824","article-title":"Effects of two different exercise programs on chronic fatigue in lupus patients","volume":"71","author":"Avaux","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2021.01.015","article-title":"Effects of 12-week whole-body vibration exercise on fatigue, functional ability and quality of life in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Lopes-Souza","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319846387","article-title":"Evaluation of the self-directed format of Walk With Ease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the Walk-SLE Pilot Study","volume":"28","author":"Sheikh","journal-title":"Lupus (Los Angel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-016-9818-7","article-title":"Applying and advancing behavior change theories and techniques in the context of a digital health revolution: proposals for more effectively realizing untapped potential","volume":"40","author":"Moller","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034723","article-title":"mHealth app using machine learning to increase physical activity in diabetes and depression: clinical trial protocol for the DIAMANTE Study","volume":"10","author":"Aguilera","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9830-8","article-title":"Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs) in mobile health: key components and design principles for ongoing health behavior support","volume":"52","author":"Nahum-Shani","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5692","article-title":"Can mobile phone apps influence people\u2019s health behavior change? An evidence review","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.3335","article-title":"Behavioral functionality of mobile apps in health interventions: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Payne","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0454-y","article-title":"Efficacy of interventions that use apps to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Schoeppe","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-018-0157-9","article-title":"The effect of physical activity interventions comprising wearables and smartphone applications on physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Gal","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26699","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of mHealth physical activity interventions: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"M\u00f6nninghoff","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319897139","article-title":"Mobile health technologies for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Dantas","journal-title":"Lupus (Los Angel)"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 101","key":"R45","first-page":"S54","volume":"34","author":"Tani","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23868","article-title":"Health-related quality of life improvements in systemic lupus erythematosus derived from a digital therapeutic plus tele-health coaching intervention: randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"22","author":"Khan","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2023.107676","article-title":"A smartphone-based supportive counseling on health anxiety and acceptance of disability in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"110","author":"Pasyar","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"1","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066x.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198104263660","article-title":"Health promotion by social cognitive means","volume":"31","author":"Bandura","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295x.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"10-11","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105318770729","article-title":"Effects of a physical activity program on post-bariatric patients: a qualitative study from a self-determination theory perspective","volume":"25","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cutre","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2010.04.011","article-title":"Methodological overview of a self-determination theory-based computerized intervention to promote leisure-time physical activity","volume":"12","author":"Patrick","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-20","article-title":"Promoting physical activity: development and testing of self-determination theory-based interventions","volume":"9","author":"Fortier","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"3","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2019.1667289","article-title":"Human-centered design for global health equity","volume":"26","author":"Holeman","journal-title":"Inf Technol Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06609-8","article-title":"Using human centered design to identify opportunities for reducing inequities in perinatal care","volume":"21","author":"Nijagal","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"R56","unstructured":"Field guide to human centered design. Ideo. 2015. URL: https:\/\/www.ideo.com\/post\/design-kit [Accessed 08-07-2025]"},{"issue":"9","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40930","article-title":"2019 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"Aringer","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"R58","volume":"74","author":"Kasturi","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"R59","unstructured":"van SM Barnard YF Sandberg JAC . The Think Aloud Method: A Practical Guide to Modelling Cognitive Processes. Academic Press; 1994."},{"issue":"11-12","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2004.08.003","article-title":"The think aloud method: a guide to user interface design","volume":"73","author":"Jaspers","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112516","article-title":"Qualitative methods in implementation research: an introduction","volume":"280","author":"Hamilton","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R62","unstructured":"Feedback capture grid. Interaction design foundation. 2016. URL: https:\/\/www.interaction-design.org\/literature\/topics\/feedback-capture-grid [Accessed 08-07-2025]"},{"key":"R63","unstructured":"Miserandino C . The spoon theory but you don\u2019t look sick. But You Dont Look Sick. 2003. URL: https:\/\/butyoudontlooksick.com\/articles\/written-by-christine\/the-spoon-theory [Accessed 08-07-2025]"},{"issue":"8","key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibab058","article-title":"Using the behavior change wheel to develop text messages to promote diet and physical activity adherence following a diabetes prevention program","volume":"11","author":"MacPherson","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28163","article-title":"Evaluation and refinement of a bank of SMS text messages to promote behavior change adherence following a diabetes prevention program: survey study","volume":"5","author":"MacPherson","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"R66","unstructured":"Michie S Atkins L West R . The Behavior Change Wheel: A Guide to Designing Interventions. 1st ed. Silverback Publishing; 2014."},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02791-0","article-title":"Mobile health apps for systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a critical appraisal","volume":"24","author":"Ramasamy","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28124","article-title":"Smartphone-assisted high-intensity interval training in inflammatory rheumatic disease patients: randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Haglo","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02430-0","article-title":"Which patient-reported outcomes do rheumatology patients find important to track digitally? A real-world longitudinal study in ArthritisPower","volume":"23","author":"Nowell","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/40844","article-title":"mHealth intervention for improving pain, quality of life, and functional disability in patients with chronic pain: systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Moreno-Ligero","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13721-023-00419-0","article-title":"Mobile heath applications for self-management in chronic lung disease: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Quach","journal-title":"Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinform"},{"issue":"1","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00968-7","article-title":"Self-management of rheumatoid arthritis: mobile applications","volume":"23","author":"Mollard","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0564-8","article-title":"Mobile applications for control and self management of diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Brzan","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"7","key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20650","article-title":"A clinician-led, experience-based co-design approach for developing mHealth services to support the patient self-management of chronic conditions: development study and design case","volume":"9","author":"Song","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e75399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:06:25Z","timestamp":1782842785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e75399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":74,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/75399","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"article-number":"v9i9e75399"}}