{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1790555461421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Gout, the most common inflammatory arthritis worldwide, shows clear seasonal variation in flares. Traditional epidemiology provides important insights but often lacks real-time resolution. Digital behavior, such as online search patterns, offers a scalable, timely complement that can capture seasonal trends in disease-related activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to determine whether public interest in gout, as expressed through Google (Google LLC) search queries, exhibits seasonal variation across countries, US states, and metropolitan areas, and to assess the influence of symptom- and language-specific search terms. We evaluated whether a bimodal (semiannual) seasonal pattern better described certain queries, providing further insight into complex behavioral rhythms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We retrieved monthly Google Trends data for gout-related queries from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2024, covering 70 countries, all 50 US states, and 36 major cities in the United States and Canada. Queries included generic terms, symptom descriptors, and language-specific translations in 14 languages. We applied cosinor modeling to assess seasonality and calculated the amplitude and phase of fitted sinusoidal curves. Significance was assessed using\n P<\/jats:italic>\n values and adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) within and across subgroups, and the Bonferroni method. To explore bimodal patterns, we compared 12- and 6-month harmonics using changes in Akaike and Bayesian information criteria.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We found robust seasonal variation in gout-related search interest across multiple geographic and linguistic categories. Statistically significant seasonality (original\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05) was detected in 41 of 70 countries using English terms, with 36 remaining significant after within-group FDR correction and 39 under pooled FDR; only 7 remained significant after Bonferroni adjustment. Among 20 countries using language-specific queries, 15 showed consistent seasonality across all 3 non-Bonferroni methods, while 2 met the Bonferroni threshold. In the United States, 49 out of 50 states and 33 out of 36 cities demonstrated significant seasonality (Bonferroni-adjusted significance in 9 and 10 units, respectively). For symptom- and treatment-related search terms, 18 of 21 exhibited seasonality under multiple correction methods. Peaks in search volume generally occurred in late spring or early summer in the northern hemisphere, with corresponding seasonal shifts in the southern hemisphere. Bimodal patterns were uncommon but identified for terms such as \u201cobesity\u201d and \u201cswollen big toe,\u201d suggesting more complex cyclic interest in certain contexts.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Google search activity reflects the seasonal dynamics of gout flares, highlighting infodemiology as a population-scale complement to traditional surveillance. This approach may anticipate care needs, guide digital health strategies, and improve preparedness for seasonal, climate-sensitive conditions, while emphasizing the importance of geographic, climatic, and linguistic context in interpreting trends.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/75415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T02:10:10Z","timestamp":1749003010000},"page":"e75415-e75415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seasonal Variation in Public Interest in Gout: Longitudinal Infodemiology Study Using Google Trends (2014\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1558-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3795-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis P","family":"Androulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.06.015","article-title":"Advances in our understanding of gout as an auto-inflammatory disease","volume":"50","author":"Bodofsky","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9501","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of gout among US Asian adults, 2011-2018","volume":"6","author":"Yokose","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","article-title":"Contemporary prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the United States and decadal trends: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016","volume":"71","author":"Chen-Xu","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11121","article-title":"Management of gout in the United States: a claims-based analysis","volume":"2","author":"Edwards","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"issue":"20","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e133","article-title":"Seasonal variations and associated factors of gout attacks: a prospective multicenter study in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Choi","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.10.1003","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the onset of acute microcrystalline arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Gallerani","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rhu.0000173620.95740.e2","article-title":"Acute gouty arthritis is seasonal: possible clues to understanding the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Schlesinger","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R8","first-page":"342","volume":"25","author":"Schlesinger","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096693","article-title":"Seasonality and trends in the incidence and prevalence of gout in England and Wales 1994-2007","volume":"68","author":"Elliot","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.02.001","article-title":"Seasonal immune function and sickness responses","volume":"25","author":"Nelson","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142382","article-title":"Seasonal variations of complete blood count and inflammatory biomarkers in the US population - 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