{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:04:22Z","timestamp":1790910262967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) treatment remains a critical global health challenge, as traditional standard of care (SoC) approaches face limitations in accessibility and efficacy. While digital health technologies (DHTs) offer promising solutions to address these gaps, limited evidence exists on their comparative effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study systematically evaluates and compares the impact of diverse DHTs on improving TB treatment outcomes and adherence, aiming to identify optimal strategies across different patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science from database inception through February 28, 2025, with no language restrictions. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials comparing DHTs with SoC for TB treatment. The primary outcome was treatment success, defined as completion or cure. A random-effects network meta-analysis was performed, calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% credibility intervals (CrI) to assess treatment effects. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values were used to rank intervention effectiveness. This study is registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; CRD42025601199).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 2420 screened studies, 27 randomized controlled trials involving 23,283 patients and eight DHT interventions were included. The network meta-analysis revealed that digital health platforms showed marginal improvements in treatment success (OR=3.44; 95% CrI 0.95-11.67; SUCRA=0.913;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.05). Compared with SoC, video directly observed treatment (VDOT) significantly improved treatment success (OR=2.39; 95% CrI 1.18-4.75; SUCRA=0.848;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.01). Medication event reminder monitors significantly enhanced treatment adherence (OR=3.13; 95% CrI 1.55-7.05; SUCRA=0.891;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.003).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results underscore the significant potential of DHTs to improve TB treatment management. VDOT emerged as the most effective intervention for enhancing treatment success, while medication event reminder monitors demonstrated efficacy in sustaining adherence. Digital health platforms showed promise but require additional validation. Caution is warranted due to potential heterogeneity across studies, which may affect generalizability. This research offers actionable insights for stakeholders aiming to optimize TB management through strategic DHT integration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/75424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T20:21:08Z","timestamp":1758054068000},"page":"e75424-e75424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparative Effectiveness of Digital Health Technologies in Tuberculosis Treatment: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5564-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinglin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1932-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1637-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoqi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0578-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingjun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2676-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuexin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiancheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6823-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6906-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107325","article-title":"Insights from the 2024 WHO Global Tuberculosis Report - More Comprehensive Action, Innovation, and Investments required for achieving WHO End TB goals","volume":"150","author":"Goletti","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.07.013","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of tuberculosis","volume":"30","author":"Motta","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248820","article-title":"Factors influencing TB treatment interruption and treatment outcomes among patients in Kiambu County, 2016-2019","volume":"16","author":"Kimani","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077431","article-title":"Prevent TB to end TB","volume":"382","author":"Basnyat","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00423-8","article-title":"Short oral regimens for pulmonary rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (TB-PRACTECAL)","volume":"12","author":"Nyang\u2019wa","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02678-2017","article-title":"ERS\/ECDC statement: European Union standards for tuberculosis care, 2017 update","volume":"51","author":"Migliori","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00095-X","article-title":"Assessing tuberculosis management","volume":"15","author":"Migliori","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000322","article-title":"Acceptability and feasibility of digital adherence technologies for drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment supervision: A meta-analysis of implementation feedback","volume":"2","author":"Guzman","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/49741","article-title":"Digital health interventions to enhance tuberculosis treatment adherence: scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Lee","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"2","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33062","article-title":"Digital health technologies to improve medication adherence and treatment outcomes in patients with tuberculosis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Ridho","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15727","article-title":"Use of digital technology to enhance tuberculosis control: scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Lee","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-022-03072-5","article-title":"Interpreting and assessing confidence in network meta-analysis results: an introduction for clinicians","volume":"36","author":"Yang","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103011","article-title":"Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on depressive and anxiety symptoms in pregnant women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Zeng","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111457","article-title":"Intention to treat and per protocol analyses: differences and similarities","volume":"173","author":"Molero-Calafell","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.06.015","article-title":"The revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2)","volume":"126","author":"Minozzi","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0023","article-title":"Etiologic investigation of patients diagnosed with bacteriologically unconfirmed tuberculosis in Tanzania","volume":"109","author":"Maze","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001876","article-title":"Effectiveness of electronic reminders to improve medication adherence in tuberculosis patients: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"12","author":"Liu","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1285","article-title":"A design-by-treatment interaction model for network meta-analysis and meta-regression with integrated nested Laplace approximations","volume":"9","author":"G\u00fcnhan","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02154-7","article-title":"ROB-MEN: a tool to assess risk of bias due to missing evidence in network meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chiocchia","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01662-1","article-title":"Meta-analysis using Python: a hands-on tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Masoumi","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/349394","article-title":"TextTB: a mixed method pilot study","author":"Iribarren","journal-title":"Tuberc Res Treat"},{"issue":"11","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162944","article-title":"Impact of a daily SMS medication reminder system on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Mohammed","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.901310","article-title":"Effect of short message service on management of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Anhui Province","volume":"23","author":"Fang","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"2","key":"R26","first-page":"156","volume":"31","author":"Farooq","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med Inst"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5502-x","article-title":"SMS reminders to improve adherence and cure of tuberculosis patients in Cameroon","volume":"18","author":"Bediang","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1150","article-title":"Self-administered versus directly observed once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine treatment of latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"167","author":"Belknap","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01488-2017","article-title":"The effect of text messaging on latent tuberculosis treatment adherence: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Johnston","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"10","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1905460","article-title":"Digital health support in treatment for tuberculosis","volume":"381","author":"Yoeli","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10177","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32993-3","article-title":"Smartphone-enabled video-observed versus directly observed treatment for tuberculosis","volume":"393","author":"Story","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002891","article-title":"Wirelessly observed therapy compared to directly observed therapy","volume":"16","author":"Browne","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2019.0180","article-title":"Telemedicine technologies and tuberculosis management","volume":"26","author":"Guo","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00493-2020","article-title":"Video-observed therapy and medication adherence for tuberculosis patients","volume":"56","author":"Ravenscroft","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-1148-4","article-title":"People-centred care versus clinic-based DOT for continuation phase TB treatment in Armenia","volume":"20","author":"Khachadourian","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1688860","article-title":"Ensuring tuberculosis treatment adherence with a mobile-based CARE-call system in Thailand","volume":"52","author":"Ratchakit-Nedsuwan","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003628","article-title":"Digital adherence technology for tuberculosis treatment supervision","volume":"18","author":"Cattamanchi","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0463","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial to evaluate a medication monitoring system for TB treatment","volume":"26","author":"Acosta","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02515-w","article-title":"Effectiveness of a digital medication event reminder and monitor device for patients with tuberculosis (SELFTB)","volume":"20","author":"Manyazewal","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5456782","article-title":"Treatment adherence among HIV and TB patients using mobile phone text messages","author":"Kibu","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056496","article-title":"Effect of a brief motivational interview and text message intervention targeting tobacco smoking","volume":"12","author":"Louwagie","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e693","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00049-0","article-title":"Digital adherence technologies to improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes in China","volume":"11","author":"Liu","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10425","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02270-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of a comprehensive package based on electronic medication monitors in Tibet","volume":"403","author":"Wei","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/53411","article-title":"Tuberculosis treatment compliance under smartphone-based video-observed therapy","volume":"12","author":"Kumwichar","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"3","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae030","article-title":"Asynchronous video directly observed therapy to monitor short-course latent tuberculosis infection treatment","volume":"11","author":"Garfein","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102745","article-title":"Treatment adherence and clinical outcomes amongst people with drug-susceptible tuberculosis using medication monitor","volume":"75","author":"Charalambous","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"R47","unstructured":"Tadesse AW Manyazewal T Woldeamanuel Y et al. Cluster-randomized trial of digital adherence technologies and differentiated care in ethiopia. medRxiv. Preprint posted online on 2024. [doi: 10.1101\/2024.01.15.24301322]"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/57991","article-title":"Effectiveness of a mobile health intervention (DOT Selfie) in Uganda","volume":"13","author":"Sekandi","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"5","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7050065","article-title":"Time trend analysis of tuberculosis treatment while using digital adherence technologies","volume":"7","author":"Langley","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2023.100406","article-title":"Patient perceptions of video directly observed therapy for tuberculosis: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Chen","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0728","article-title":"Enhancing management of tuberculosis treatment with video directly observed therapy in New York City","volume":"20","author":"Chuck","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44210","article-title":"In-person vs electronic directly observed therapy for tuberculosis treatment adherence: a randomized noninferiority trial","volume":"5","author":"Burzynski","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012565","article-title":"Video-observed therapy (VOT) vs directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis treatment","volume":"18","author":"Areas Lisboa Netto","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.22.0503","article-title":"The effect of medication event reminder monitoring on treatment adherence of TB patients","volume":"27","author":"Velen","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219891","article-title":"Implementation of medication event reminder monitors in rural Viet Nam","volume":"14","author":"Drabarek","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.23.0451","article-title":"Unit costs and cost-effectiveness of a device to improve TB treatment adherence in China","volume":"1","author":"Sweeney","journal-title":"IJTLD Open"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/62790","article-title":"Evolutionary trends in the adoption, adaptation, and abandonment of mobile health technologies: viewpoint based on 25 years of research","volume":"26","author":"Portz","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/52121","article-title":"Tailoring a skills-based serostatus disclosure intervention for transgender women in South Africa: protocol for a usability and feasibility study","volume":"14","author":"Daniels","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI220904","article-title":"Description of a digital health platform for emotional and self-management support","volume":"289","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Benjumea","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1328918","article-title":"The leading global health challenges in the artificial intelligence era","volume":"11","author":"Zaidan","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00424-2016","article-title":"Digital health for the End TB Strategy: developing priority products and making them work","volume":"48","author":"Falzon","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01363-2018","article-title":"Evaluating the potential costs and impact of digital health technologies for tuberculosis treatment support","volume":"52","author":"Nsengiyumva","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063926","article-title":"Patient adherence to tuberculosis treatment in the Indian subcontinent: systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative research","volume":"13","author":"Shringarpure","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000182","article-title":"A new online toolkit to support implementation research to enhance the use of digital innovations to End TB","volume":"2","author":"Veronese","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0359-3","article-title":"Understanding factors affecting patient and public engagement and recruitment to digital health interventions: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Connor","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2022.958571","article-title":"Engaging patients and citizens in digital health technology development through the virtual space","volume":"4","author":"Barony Sanchez","journal-title":"Front Med Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13533","article-title":"Digital technologies: Innovations that transform the face of drug development","volume":"16","author":"Izmailova","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12692","article-title":"Patient engagement and the design of digital health","volume":"22","author":"Birnbaum","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"}],"container-title":["JMIR mHealth and uHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/mhealth.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e75424","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:06:27Z","timestamp":1782842787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mhealth.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e75424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/75424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2291-5222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2291-5222","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"article-number":"v13i9e75424"}}