{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:28:33Z","timestamp":1791822513688,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid growth of social media as an information channel has enabled the swift spread of inaccurate or false health information, significantly impacting public health. This widespread dissemination of misinformation has caused confusion, eroded trust in health authorities, led to noncompliance with health guidelines, and encouraged risky health behaviors. Understanding the dynamics of misinformation on social media is essential for devising effective public health communication strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to present a comprehensive and automated approach that leverages large language models (LLMs) and machine learning techniques to detect misinformation on social media, uncover the underlying causes and themes, and generate refutation arguments, facilitating control of its spread and promoting public health outcomes by inoculating people against health misinformation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We use 2 datasets to train 3 LLMs, namely, BERT, T5, and GPT-2, to classify documents into 2 categories: misinformation and nonmisinformation. In addition, we use a separate dataset to identify misinformation topics. To analyze these topics, we applied 3 topic modeling algorithms\u2014Latent Dirichlet Allocation, Top2Vec, and BERTopic\u2014and selected the optimal model based on performance evaluated across 3 metrics. Using a prompting approach, we extract sentence-level representations for the topics to uncover their underlying themes. Finally, we design a prompt text capable of identifying misinformation themes effectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trained BERT model demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving 98% accuracy in classifying misinformation and nonmisinformation, with a 44% reduction in false-positive rates for artificial intelligence\u2013generated misinformation. Among the 3 topic modeling approaches used, BERTopic outperformed the others, achieving the highest metrics with a Coherence Value of 0.41, Normalized Pointwise Mutual Information of \u22120.086, and Inverse Rank-Biased Overlap of 0.99. To address the issue of unclassified documents, we developed an algorithm to assign each document to its closest topic. In addition, we proposed a novel method using prompt engineering to generate sentence-level representations for each topic, achieving a 99.6% approval rate as \u201cappropriate\u201d or \u201csomewhat appropriate\u201d by 3 independent raters. We further designed a prompt text to identify themes of misinformation topics and developed another prompt capable of detecting misinformation themes with 82% accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents a comprehensive and automated approach to addressing health misinformation on social media using advanced machine learning and natural language processing techniques. By leveraging LLMs and prompt engineering, the system effectively detects misinformation, identifies underlying themes, and provides explanatory responses to combat its spread. The proposed method was tested on an English language COVID-19\u2013related dataset and has not been evaluated on real-world online social media data; the experiments were conducted offline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/75500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1760351119000},"page":"e75500-e75500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Intervention in Health Misinformation Using Large Language Models for Automated Detection, Thematic Analysis, and Inoculation: Case Study on COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2530-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Malek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9962-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8781-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert D","family":"Fraleigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0973-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5100-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Monga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4870-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/56931","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 misinformation, public health impacts, and communication strategies: scoping review","volume":"26","author":"Kisa","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01056-1","article-title":"Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA","volume":"5","author":"Loomba","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"16","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165850","article-title":"Fake news and Covid-19 in Italy: results of a quantitative observational study","volume":"17","author":"Moscadelli","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16865","article-title":"Addressing health-related misinformation on social media","volume":"320","author":"Chou","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"25","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.112","article-title":"Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm \u2013 an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement","volume":"30","author":"Kata","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"issue":"5","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.05.013","article-title":"Beliefs, behaviors and HPV vaccine: correcting the myths and the misinformation","volume":"57","author":"Zimet","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"17-19","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00469-2","article-title":"Understanding those who do not understand: a brief review of the anti-vaccine movement","volume":"19","author":"Poland","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"issue":"7","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.12.022","article-title":"A postmodern Pandora\u2019s box: anti-vaccination misinformation on the internet","volume":"28","author":"Kata","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6178","article-title":"Ebola, Twitter, and misinformation: a dangerous combination?","volume":"349","author":"Oyeyemi","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00372","article-title":"Vaccine safety: myths and misinformation","volume":"11","author":"Geoghegan","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou X Coiera E Tsafnat G Arachi D Ong MS Dunn AG . 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