{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T07:16:26Z","timestamp":1789888586053,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nicotine and cannabis vaping are common among young adults and can potentially lead to adverse health consequences. Identifying real-time antecedents of vaping events may provide insights into intervention targets pertinent to these behaviors. This study aimed to examine real-time antecedents of nicotine and cannabis vaping and same-occasion co-vaping among young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to examine real-time antecedents of nicotine and cannabis vaping and same-occasion co-vaping among young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) via a smartphone app among California young adults (ages 18\u201029 y) in 2023\u20102024. Participants completed four random prompts each day for 30 consecutive days. Outcomes were defined as whether participants reported being about to vape nicotine, cannabis, or both substances (same-occasion co-vaping) in a given EMA. We used mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine real-time antecedents of each outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 113 participants (mean age 23.8 y, SD3 y, 63% female, n=70) completed 9001 EMAs. Similar antecedents of all 3 vaping outcomes were craving and using alcohol. Increased cravings for a given substance were associated with a higher likelihood of vaping that substance or co-vaping. Craving for cannabis vaping was associated with lower odds of reporting nicotine vaping (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.87, 95% CI 0.82\u20100.92). Feeling happier was associated with higher odds of reporting co-vaping (AOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01\u20101.27) while feeling more stressed was associated with lower odds of vaping nicotine (AOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91\u20100.98) or cannabis (AOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.86\u20100.97). Seeing tobacco advertisements was associated with higher odds of vaping nicotine (AOR 3.09, 95% CI 1.48\u20106.46) and co-vaping (AOR 4.15, 95% CI 1.18\u201014.52). Cannabis vaping was more likely to occur in the afternoon (AOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.16\u20101.98) and nighttime (AOR 1.95, 95% CI 1.45\u20102.63) than in the morning. Co-vaping was also more likely to occur in the afternoon (AOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.14\u20102.22) and nighttime (AOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.26\u20102.71) than in the morning, but the association was not held for nicotine vaping. Nicotine vaping was more likely to occur on weekends compared to weekdays (AOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09\u20101.45), but no significant associations were found for cannabis vaping and co-vaping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found similar antecedents (craving and alcohol use) and unique antecedents (mood, advertising exposure, and time of day) for nicotine vaping, cannabis vaping, and same-occasion co-vaping, suggesting targets for future vaping cessation interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/75695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T16:30:08Z","timestamp":1750869008000},"page":"e75695-e75695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Real-Time Antecedents of Young Adults\u2019 Vaping and Co-Vaping of Nicotine and Cannabis: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vuong Van","family":"Do","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela May","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salomeh","family":"Keyhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5197-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory M","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8929-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Thrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8661-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nhung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS publication no. PEP24\u201107\u2011021, NSDUH series h\u201159). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2024. URL: https:\/\/library.samhsa.gov\/product\/2023-nsduh-report\/pep24-07-021 [Accessed 23-07-2025]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.6102","article-title":"Evaluation of self-reported cannabis vaping among US youth and young adults who use e-cigarettes","volume":"176","author":"Sun","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-021-01469-4","article-title":"The cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes","volume":"23","author":"Khadka","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicineHealth and Medicine DivisionCommittee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsBoard on Population Health and Public Health Practice. Eaton DL Kwan LY Stratton K , editors. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2018. [doi: 10.17226\/24952] [Medline: 29894118]","DOI":"10.17226\/24952"},{"issue":"6","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2020.1794443","article-title":"A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes\/vaping in adolescents and young adults","volume":"50","author":"Overbeek","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260503500202","article-title":"The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood","volume":"35","author":"Arnett","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"issue":"6","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.92.6.908","article-title":"Why and how the tobacco industry sells cigarettes to young adults: evidence from industry documents","volume":"92","author":"Ling","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101287","article-title":"Quitting e-cigarettes: quit attempts and quit intentions among youth and young adults","volume":"21","author":"Cuccia","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2024.107971","article-title":"Classification of patterns of tobacco and cannabis co-use based on temporal proximity: a qualitative study among young adults","volume":"152","author":"Nguyen","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.112517","article-title":"Vaping nicotine and cannabis on the same occasion is linked to increased vaping consumption among young adults: A smartphone-based daily diary study","volume":"266","author":"Nguyen","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00317-9","article-title":"Digital health for assessment and intervention targeting tobacco and cannabis co-use","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-022-00339-w","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment: a systematic review of validity research","volume":"45","author":"Stinson","journal-title":"Perspect Behav Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017074","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in studies of substance use","volume":"21","author":"Shiffman","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"21","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11005","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111005","article-title":"Pilot ecological momentary assessment study of subjective and contextual factors surrounding e-cigarette and combustible tobacco product use among young adults","volume":"18","author":"Camenga","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.12.014","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment of various tobacco product use among young adults","volume":"92","author":"Berg","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15747","article-title":"Understanding contexts of smoking and vaping among dual users: analysis of ecological momentary assessment data","volume":"117","author":"Piper","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab050","article-title":"Validating e-cigarette dependence scales based on dynamic patterns of vaping behaviors","volume":"23","author":"Buu","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa205","article-title":"Assessing young adults\u2019 ENDS use via ecological momentary assessment and a smart bluetooth enabled ENDS device","volume":"23","author":"Li","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu204","article-title":"Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking e-cigarette users","volume":"17","author":"Foulds","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0022","article-title":"Preliminary development of a brief cannabis use disorder screening tool: the cannabis use disorder identification test short-form","volume":"1","author":"Bonn-Miller","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000678","article-title":"Same-day use of cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis among sexual minority and heterosexual young adult smokers","volume":"35","author":"Nguyen","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.021","article-title":"Real-time predictors of smoking among sexual minority and heterosexual young adults: an ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"192","author":"Nguyen","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00081","article-title":"Statistical considerations for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data","volume":"65","author":"Oleson","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106747","article-title":"Perceived reward from using cigarettes with alcohol or cannabis and concurrent use: a smartphone-based daily diary study","volume":"114","author":"Thrul","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1327978","article-title":"Reasons for marijuana and tobacco co-use among young adults: a mixed methods scale development study","volume":"53","author":"Berg","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103951","article-title":"Behavioral economic relationship between cannabis and cigarettes: evidence from hypothetical purchase tasks","volume":"112","author":"Cooper","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103314","article-title":"Situations and roles of cannabis versus cigarette use: integrating ecological momentary assessment with qualitative mapping interviews","volume":"89","author":"McQuoid","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107059","article-title":"Increased nicotine vaping due to the COVID-19 pandemic among US young adults: associations with nicotine dependence, vaping frequency, and reasons for use","volume":"159","author":"Parks","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.11.006","article-title":"Using substances to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic: U.S. national data at age 19 Years","volume":"70","author":"Patrick","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178221819866210","article-title":"Vaping expectancies: a qualitative study among young adult nonusers, smokers, vapers, and dual users","volume":"13","author":"Harrell","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117121992292","article-title":"College students\u2019 reasons for using JUULs","volume":"35","author":"Newcombe","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107080","article-title":"Perceived stress and e-cigarette use during emerging adulthood: a longitudinal examination of initiation, progression, and continuation","volume":"160","author":"Mantey","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa171","article-title":"Systematic review of electronic cigarette use (vaping) and mental health comorbidity among adolescents and young adults","volume":"23","author":"Becker","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013522.pub2","article-title":"Smoking cessation for improving mental health","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01058-2","article-title":"Differences in smoking cessation behaviors and vaping status among adult daily smokers with and without depression, anxiety, and alcohol use: findings from the 2018 and 2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping (ITC 4CV) Surveys","volume":"22","author":"Yimsaard","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2003.10773403","article-title":"Understanding addictive vulnerability: an evolving psychodynamic perspective","volume":"5","author":"Khantzian","journal-title":"Neuropsychoanalysis"},{"issue":"7","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.09.010","article-title":"Marijuana motives: young adults\u2019 reasons for using marijuana","volume":"32","author":"Lee","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2024.108119","article-title":"Day-level correlates of nicotine and cannabis vaping among young adults in the United States","volume":"158","author":"Greene","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109594","article-title":"The situational contexts and subjective effects of co-use of electronic cigarettes and alcohol among college students: an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study","volume":"239","author":"Yang","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1209512","article-title":"Mechanisms and genetic factors underlying co-use of nicotine and alcohol or other drugs of abuse","volume":"43","author":"Cross","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.01.011","article-title":"Young adults report increased pleasure from using e-cigarettes and smoking tobacco cigarettes when drinking alcohol","volume":"93","author":"Thrul","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.10.017","article-title":"Social media e-cigarette exposure and e-cigarette expectancies and use among young adults","volume":"78","author":"Pokhrel","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209038","article-title":"Learning from their experiences: strategies used by youth and young adult ex-vapers","volume":"149","author":"Al-Hamdani","journal-title":"J Subst Use Addict Treat"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106642","article-title":"Cannabis use and sleep: expectations, outcomes, and the role of age","volume":"112","author":"Winiger","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-022-00413-y","article-title":"Cannabis vaping among youth and young adults: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Harrell","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9830-8","article-title":"Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) in mobile health: key components and design principles for ongoing health behavior support","volume":"52","author":"Nahum-Shani","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12766","article-title":"Personalized interventions for behaviour change: a scoping review of just-in-time adaptive interventions","volume":"30","author":"Hsu","journal-title":"British J Health Psychol"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107467","article-title":"A just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) for smoking cessation: feasibility and acceptability findings","volume":"136","author":"Yang","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.59.2.295","article-title":"The process of smoking cessation: an analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change","volume":"59","author":"DiClemente","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e75695","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:06:53Z","timestamp":1782842813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e75695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/75695","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"article-number":"v27i4e75695"}}