{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:03:12Z","timestamp":1782846192611,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Aging"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Spatial navigation impairment is prevalent in people with Alzheimer disease (AD) and may appear in its initial clinical stage. Detecting this deficit in people at risk may not only help prevent them from getting lost or going missing but also provide a useful clinical aid to accurate diagnosis. Traditional assessments for spatial navigation impairment include questionnaires, paper-and-pencil and maze tests, or video games. While a real-world setting is more valid, direct, and accurate, it is plagued by unpredictable conditions such as weather, obstacles, or accidents. Owing to modern technology, virtual reality (VR) offers a new way to test spatial navigation impairment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aims of this study were to test the feasibility of a VR setting to assess sense of location in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the power of VR to discriminate among groups with different clinical conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We used the Pai-Jan virtual reality (PJVR) device to test spatial navigation ability in those who were cognitively unimpaired (CU) and those who experienced subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and MCI. The PJVR device is the VR version (VIVE Pro Eye head-mounted display) of the Pai-Jan device, which has demonstrated its power to discriminate among CU, AD MCI, and mild AD dementia. With a map provided and using joysticks or handles, participants were asked to reach 5 points on a 660-m path. Linear deviation (LD; in meters) from each target point and vector deviation (in degrees) from the direction to the start point at each location were treated as the variables for comparison.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 113 participants provided informed consent to initiate the study. Of these 113 participants, 93 (82.3%) completed the trials, including 22 (24%) who were CU, 39 (42%) with SCD, and 32 (34%) with MCI. In total, 17.7% (20\/113) failed the trials due to cybersickness. The mean LD of the CU, SCD, and MCI groups was 38.2 (SD 39.5), 50.4 (SD 40.7), and 100.4 (SD 46.2) meters, respectively (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001). The MCI group showed greater vector deviation (mean 63.2, SD 42.4 degrees) than either the SCD (mean 39.4, SD 33.0 degrees) or CU (mean 38.6, SD 37.4 degrees;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.02) group. The LD of the PJVR device was correlated with the total scores on the caregiver version of the Questionnaire on Everyday Navigational Ability (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001), indicating good ecological validity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The PJVR device is feasible for older adults and participants with MCI. It can detect spatial navigation deficits related to AD pathology, and the results show a close correlation with real-world navigation ability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/75952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T04:40:06Z","timestamp":1761194406000},"page":"e75952-e75952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using Virtual Reality to Assess Spatial Navigation Ability in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults: Cross-Sectional 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